Existing research on human channel modeling of galvanic coupling intra-body communication (IBC) is primarily focused on the human body itself. Although galvanic coupling IBC is less disturbed by external influences during signal transmission, there are inevitable factors in real measurement scenarios such as the parasitic impedance of electrodes, impedance matching of the transceiver, etc. which might lead to deviations between the human model and the in vivo measurements. This paper proposes a field-circuit finite element method (FEM) model of galvanic coupling IBC in a real measurement environment to estimate the human channel gain. First an anisotropic concentric cylinder model of the electric field intra-body communication for human limbs was developed based on the galvanic method. Then the electric field model was combined with several impedance elements, which were equivalent in terms of parasitic impedance of the electrodes, input and output impedance of the transceiver, establishing a field-circuit FEM model. The results indicated that a circuit module equivalent to external factors can be added to the field-circuit model, which makes this model more complete, and the estimations based on the proposed field-circuit are in better agreement with the corresponding measurement results.
Dendritic cells (DC) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important cells involved in immune response. DC can be generated from mouse bone marrow (BM) in the presence of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and IL-4. Recent studies have revealed that combined treatment of bone marrow MDSC with LPS plus IFN-γ inhibited the DC development but enhanced MDSC functions, such as NO release and T cell suppression. In our study, bone marrow precursor cells cultures in GM-CSF and IL-4 were treated with poly(I:C) through the culture, Gr1(+)CD11b(+) cells with MDSC functions, such as NO release and T cell suppression were accumulated in the culture system. Then the similar phenomenon was observed in the vesicular stomatitis virus infection in vivo. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the bone marrow precursor cells in the presence of GM-CSF and IL-4 can differentiate into MDSC, which is dependent on the dynamic of interaction with poly(I:C).
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