Ionic liquids (ILs) have shown great potential in CO 2 capture from the exhaust of fossil fuels burning due to their unique structures and properties. Since the flue gas often contains a small amount of water, understanding the effect of water is critical for the direct capture of postcombustion CO 2 by ionic liquids. In recent years, the effect of water in CO 2 capture by ILs has been studied in some details, but little is known of the new species produced after humid CO 2 capture and thus for the system composition as well as the contribution of each absorption site of ILs to the capture capacity of CO 2 . In this work, a simple amino acid ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3methylimidazolium glycinate ([C 2 mim][Gly]), has been prepared and used to absorb humid CO 2 at 25 °C, and a quantitative approach is established to estimate the absorption capacity of CO 2 by different absorption sites. It is found that the absorption capacity of CO 2 is as high as 0.91 mol CO 2 per mol IL in the wet environment, which is nearly double that of dry CO 2 by neat IL. Quantitative investigations by multiple spectral techniques and quantum chemical calculations indicate that the inhalation of H 2 O results in the production of [HCO 3 ] − in the system and activation of the C2 site of the imidazolium cation. It is this activated site that reacts with CO 2 to form imidazolium-2-carboxylate (NHC-CO 2 ) and significantly improves the absorption capacity of CO 2 . This is remarkably different from the absorption of dry CO 2 , in which anions of the IL are predominant for the absorption of CO 2 .

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Electrochemical conversion of CO2 into syngas (CO and H2) has attracted extensive researches because it is a promising pathway to produce liquid fuels and industrial chemicals. However, to achieve a...

Background:The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of 4 different remote ischaemic preconditioning (RIPC) protocols varying in duration and frequency for preventing acute mountain sickness (AMS). Methods: The participants in the four RIPC groups received different RIPC treatments in the arms at a low altitude; the control group did not receive a specific sham treatment. The participants were then flown to a High Altitude (3650 m). The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of AMS evaluated by the Lake Louise score (LLS) after arrival; vital signs were collected simultaneously. We performed an intention-to-treat analysis. Results: A total of 250 participants were included with 50 participants in each group. The total AMS incidence in all participants was 26.4%. A total of 20 AMS cases (40%) occurred in the control group, whereas 15 AMS cases (30%) occurred both in the RIPC A and RIPC B groups (relative risk 1.3; 95% confidence interval 0.8 -2.3; χ2 = 1.099; p = 0.29), and 8 AMS cases (16%) occurred both in the RIPC C and D groups (RR 2.5; 95% CI 1.2 -5.2; χ2 = 7.143, p < 0.01), with significantly lower LLSs in the RIPC C and D groups (F = 6.51, p <0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that a four-week RIPC intervention but not a one-week regimen reduced AMS incidence and severity; however, a placebo effect might have contributed to the results of this study. Methods: The participants in the four RIPC groups received different RIPC treatments in the arms at a low altitude; the control group did not receive a specific sham treatment. The participants were then flown to a High Altitude (3650 m). The primary outcome was the incidence and severity of AMS evaluated by the Lake Louise score (LLS) after arrival; vital signs were collected simultaneously. We performed an intention-to-treat analysis. Results: A total of 250 participants were included with 50 participants in each group. The total AMS incidence in all participants was 26.4%. A total of 20 AMS cases (40%) occurred in the control group after arrival at high altitude, whereas 15 AMS cases (30%) occurred both in the RIPC A and RIPC B groups (relative risk 1.3; 95% confidence interval 0.8 -2.3; χ 2 = 1.099; p = 0.29), and 8 AMS cases (16%) occurred both in the RIPC C and D groups (RR 2.5; 95% CI 1.2 -5.2; χ 2 = 7.143, p < 0.01), with significantly lower LLSs in the RIPC C and D groups (F = 6.51, p <0.001). Conclusion:This study demonstrated that a four-week RIPC intervention but not a one-week regimen reduced AMS incidence and severity; however, a placebo effect might have contributed to the results of this study.

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