Highlights: COVID-19 has become a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) and a worldwide pandemic The Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction has shown definite therapeutic effects on COVID-19 patients Bioactive polysaccharides in the decoction appear to involve immunomodulatory activity, antiinflammatory activity, anti-oxidative activity and regulation of gut microbiota balance Producing COVID-19 vaccines with polysaccharides as the adjuvants is an innovative strategy Abstract J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f 2The new coronavirus pneumonia, named COVID-19 by the World Health Organization, has become a pandemic. It is highly pathogenic and reproduces quickly. There are currently no specific drugs to prevent the reproduction and spread of COVID-19. Some traditional Chinese medicines, especially the Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction (Qing Fei Pai Du Tang), have shown therapeutic effects on mild and ordinary COVID-19 patients. Polysaccharides are important ingredients in this decoction. This review summarizes the potential pharmacological activities of polysaccharides isolated by hot water extraction from Lung Cleansing and Detoxifying Decoction, which is consistent with its production method, to provide the theoretical basis for ongoing research on its application.
Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) is a rare and severe condition that follows benign COVID-19. We report autosomal recessive deficiencies of
OAS1
,
OAS2
, or
RNASEL
in five unrelated children with MIS-C. The cytosolic dsRNA-sensing OAS1 and OAS2 generate 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylates (2-5A) that activate the ssRNA-degrading RNase L. Monocytic cell lines and primary myeloid cells with
OAS1
,
OAS2
, or
RNASEL
deficiencies produce excessive amounts of inflammatory cytokines upon dsRNA or SARS-CoV-2 stimulation. Exogenous 2-5A suppresses cytokine production in OAS1- but not RNase L-deficient cells. Cytokine production in RNase L-deficient cells is impaired by MDA5 or RIG-I deficiency and abolished by MAVS deficiency. Recessive OAS–RNase L deficiencies in these patients unleash the production of SARS-CoV-2–triggered, MAVS-mediated inflammatory cytokines by mononuclear phagocytes, thereby underlying MIS-C.
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