As revealed by field investigations, the co-seismic surface rupture zone of the 2010 M S 7.1 Yushu earthquake, Qinghai is a characteristic sinistral strike-slip feature consisting of three distinct sinistral primary ruptures, with an overall strike of 310°-320° and a total length of 31 km. In addition, an approximately 2-km-long en-echelon tensile fissure zone was found east of Longbao Town; if this site is taken as the north end of the rupture zone, then the rupture had a total length of ~51 km. The surface rupture zone is composed of a series of fissures arranged in an en-echelon or alternating relationship between compressive bulges and tensile fissures, with a measured maximum horizontal displacement of 1.8 m. The surface rupture zone extends along the mapped Garzê-Yushu Fault, which implicates it as the seismogenic fault for this earthquake. Historically, a few earthquakes with a magnitude of about 7 have occurred along the fault, and additionally traces of paleoearthquakes are evident that characterize the short-period recurrence interval of large earthquakes here. Similar to the seismogenic process of the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake is also due to the stress accumulation and release on the block boundaries resulting from the eastward expansion of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. However, in contrast with the Wenchuan earthquake, the Yushu earthquake had a sinistral strike-slip mechanism resulting from the uneven eastward extrusion of the Baryan Har and Sichuan-Yunnan fault blocks. M S 7.1 Yushu earthquake, surface rupture, large historical earthquakes, Garzê-Yushu Fault Citation: Chen L C, Wang H, Ran Y K, et al. The M S 7.1 Yushu earthquake surface rupture and large historical earthquakes on the Garzê-Yushu Fault. At 7 : 49 on April 14, 2010, an M s 7.1 earthquake occurred in Yushu County, Yushu Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, Qinghai Province, China. The earthquake left more than 2200 people dead and destroyed more than 80% of the buildings in Jiegu Town. It was one of the largest earthquakes experienced in the region since the 2008 M s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, causing huge losses of life and property in China. The seismotectonic setting and earthquake surface rupture characteristics for this earthquake and the recurrence pattern of major earthquakes on the seismogenic faults in this area are major concerns of community and a focus of research activity. *Corresponding author (email: ykran@263.net)The investigation and discussion of such issues as soon as possible after an earthquake occurs can provide important reference information for post-earthquake reconstruction and delineate key surveillance and protection regimes for future large earthquakes. Based on the first field survey to be conducted in the area after the earthquake, we aim to depict the co-seismic surface ruptures of the Yushu earthquake and to analyze the seismogenic structures and earthquake recurrence characteristics in combination with historical earthquake records and paleoseismology surveys.
Early studies in cyanobacteria have found that few genes induced by short-term salt shock (15-60 min) display a stable induction in the long-term (>1 day) salt-acclimated cells; meanwhile, most of the genes responsive to long-term salt stress were different from those by short-term salt shock, suggesting that different regulatory mechanisms may be involved for short-term and long-term salt stress responses. In our previous work using the model cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803, sll1734 encoding CO2 uptake-related protein (CupA) and three genes encoding hypothetical proteins (i.e., ssr3402, slr1339, and ssr1853) were found induced significantly after a 3-day salt stress, and the corresponding gene knockout mutants were found salt sensitive. To further decipher the mechanisms that these genes may be involved, in this study, we performed a comparative metabolomic analysis of the wild-type Synechocystis and the four salt-sensitive mutants using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach. A metabolomic data set that consisted of 60 chemically classified metabolites was then subjected to a weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the metabolic modules and hub metabolites specifically related to each of the salt-stressed mutants. The results showed that two, one, zero, and two metabolic modules were identified specifically associated with the knockout events of sll1734, ssr3402, slr1339, and ssr1853, respectively. The mutant-associated modules included metabolites such as lysine and palmitic acid, suggesting that amino acid and fatty acid metabolisms are among the key protection mechanisms against long-term salt stresses in Synechocystis. The metabolomic results were further confirmed by quantitative reverse-transcription PCR analysis, which showed the upregulation of lysine and fatty acid synthesis-related genes. The study provided new insights on metabolic networks involved in long-term salt stress response in Synechocystis.
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