The objective of this study was to investigate the ultrastructural characteristics of hybrid acute leukemia (HAL). Fifteen cases of HAL were studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), focusing on organelles and myeloperoxidase (MPO) reaction of leukemic cells. By TEM, 5 out 15 cases of HAL were consistent with immunophenotyping (3 cases of biphenotypic type, and 2 cases of biclonal type with granulocytes and lymphocytes); 2 cases were suspected as HAL. On other hand, 5 cases of HAL were assigned to ALL, and 2 cases were misinterpreted as M5a and 1 as M4b. Most of the blast cells of biphenotypic HAL showed lymphoid features, except some cases containing MPO positive granules in blasts, while a few cases exhibited monocytic or nonspecific features. TEM offers advantages in the diagnosis of biclonal type HAL and biphenotypic HAL positive for MPO. However, it is difficult to differentiate MPO-negative cases of biphenotypic HAL from ALL and a few cases may be misinterpreted as M5 by TEM.
There are often some problems during operation of the resonant grounding grid, such as tracking failure, excessive tuning, and oversize residual current caused by compensation not matching grounding fault. A new idea is proposed to solve the problems about using of the neutral voltage detection, analysis and calculation. Firstly, neutral voltage characteristics are analyzed. Secondly, neutral voltage is applied to the calculation of tracking sensitivity, and the problems of tracking failure and excessive tuning are effectively solved. Thirdly, change of operation mode and grid disturbance are distinguished by using characteristics of neutral voltage variation. Lastly, the formulas of neutral voltage ranges are derived, which can distinguish high-resistance grounding fault from low-resistance grounding fault and achieve a smart compensation. This solves the problem of excessive residual current. Simulations verified the above conclusions and the results are satisfied.
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