Black phosphorus (BP) has been demonstrated
as a promising electrode
material for supercapacitors. Currently, the main limitation of its
practical application is the low electrical conductivity and poor
structure stability. Hence, BP-based supercapacitors usually severely
suffer from low capacitance and poor cycling stability. Herein, a
chemically bridged BP/conductive g-C3N4 (BP/c-C3N4) hybrid is developed via a facile ball-milling
method. Covalent P–C bonds are generated through the ball-milling
process, effectively preventing the structural distortion of BP induced
by ion transport and diffusion. In addition, the overall electrical
conductivity is significantly enhanced owing to the sufficient coupling
between BP and highly conductive c-C3N4. Moreover,
the imbalanced charge distribution around the C atom can induce the
generation of a local electric field, facilitating the charge transfer
behavior of the electrode material. As a result, the BP/c-C3N4-20:1 flexible supercapacitor (FSC) exhibits an outstanding
volumetric capacitance of 42.1 F/cm3 at 0.005 V/s, a high
energy density of 5.85 mW h/cm3, and a maximum power density
of 15.4 W/cm3. More importantly, the device delivers excellent
cycling stability with no capacitive loss after 30,000 cycles.
Mutually exclusive behaviors in animals are often driven by independent motor subcircuits that directly or indirectly inhibit each other. For example, in the nematode C. elegans, motor circuits for forward and backward locomotion are gated by premotor interneurons AVB and AVA respectively, which are thought to be connected via reciprocal inhibition. In this study, we dissect the interactions between forward and motor subcircuits in C. elegans by genetic manipulation of AVA's activity via cell-specific characterization of a two-pore potassium channel (TWK-40). AVA has an unusually depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP). Perturbations to its RMP through AVA-specific TWK-40 loss-of-function and AVA-specific TWK-40 gain-of-function, led to dramatic changes in both forward and backward motor activity. AVA, thus regulated both backward and forward locomotion in C. elegans, functioning as a master neuron for overall locomotion. These effects required chemical transmission from AVA and were dependent on AVB neurons. We were able to reconcile results of genetic perturbation with optogenetic manipulation by carefully designed stimulation protocols. Finding that phasic optogenetic activation of AVA leads to backward locomotion, while tonic optogenetic activation potentiates forward locomotion. These results propose that a single neuron can regulate the activity of motor circuits generating two mutually exclusive behaviors.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.