Since tree morphological structure is strongly influenced by internal genetic and external environmental factors, accurate simulation of individual morphological–structural changes in trees is the premise of forest management and 3D simulation. However, existing studies have few descriptions, and the research on the impact of growth environments and stand spatial structures on tree morphological structure and growth is still limited. In our study, we constructed a comprehensive grade model of spatial structure (CGMSS) to comprehensively evaluate individual tree growth states of the stands and grade them from 0 to 10 correspondingly. In addition, we developed a Chinese fir morphological structure growth model based on CGMSS, and dynamically simulate the growth variations of Chinese fir stands. The results showed that the overall stand prediction accuracy of CGMSS-based Chinese fir diameter at breast height, tree height, crown width and under-living branch height growth models was more than 94%. According to the analysis of the comprehensive grade of spatial structure (CGSS) of trees in the stand, except for the prediction accuracy and systematic error of the under-living branch height growth model at the CGSS = 3–5 levels, the systematic error of the Chinese fir growth model at each level was lower than 21.2%, and the prediction accuracy was greater than 73%. Compared with the spatial structural unit (SSU)-based Chinese fir growth model proposed by Ma et al., all growth models fit better at all levels, except for the CGMSS-based Chinese fir tree height and under-living branch height growth models that fit significantly lower than the SSU-based Chinese fir growth model at CGSS = 3–5 levels. In this study, the main conclusion is that the simulation results of CGMSS’s Chinese fir morphological structure growth model are closer to the real growth state of trees, achieving accurate simulation of differential growth of trees in different growth dominance degrees and spatial structure states in forest stands, making visualized forest management more effective and realistic.
A precise distribution map of wetlands can provide basic data of wetland conservation and management for Ramsar parties in each region. In this study, based on the Google Earth Engine (GEE) platform and Sentinel-2 images, the integrated inundation dynamic, phenological, and geographical features for a multi-class tropical wetland mapping method (IPG-MTWM) was used to generate the Southeast Asia wetland cover map (SEAWeC) in 2020, which has a 10 m spatial resolution with 11 wetland types. The overall accuracy (OA) of SEAWeC was 82.52%, which, in comparison with other mappings the SEAWeC, performs well. The results of SEAWeC show that (1) in 2020, the total wetland area in Southeast Asia was 123,268.61 km², (2) for the category I, the coastal wetlands has the largest area, reaching 58,534.78 km2, accounting for 47.49%, (3) for the category II, the coastal swamp has the largest area, reaching 48,002.66 km2, accounting for 38.94% of the total wetland area in Southeast Asia, and (4) significant difference in wetland rate (WR) between countries in Southeast Asia, in which Singapore has a WR of 6.96%, ranking first in Southeast Asia. The SEAWeC can provide the detailed spatial and type distribution data as basic data for the Southeast Asia to support the Ramsar strategic plan 2016–24.
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