CONTEXT: Seizures are a recognized complication of acute overdose with the racemic (1:1 ratio of R-and S-enantiomers) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antidepressant citalopram. OBJEC-TIVE: We tested the hypothesis that escitalopram (the therapeutically active S-enantiomer of citalopram) causes fewer seizures in overdose than citalopram at comparable doses of the S-enantiomer. METHODS: Multicenter retrospective review of cases with citalopram and escitalopram overdose reported to German, Austrian, and Swiss Poisons Centers between 1997 and 2006. RESULTS: 316 citalopram and 63 escitalopram cases were analyzed. Somnolence, nausea, vomiting, tachycardia, QT prolongation, and tremor occurred with similar frequency in both groups. There was a striking difference in the frequency of single and multiple seizures: 43 cases (13.5%) in the citalopram group and 1 case (1.6%) with a single seizure in the escitalopram group (p=0.0065). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: At comparable ingested doses of the S-enantiomer, the symptom profile for citalopram and escitalopram intoxications is similar except for seizures that occur more frequently in citalopram than in escitalopram poisoning.

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Xanthoparmelia stenophylla is traditionally utilized for the cure of snake bites and venearal diseases like syphilis. X. stenophylla have different colouring compounds and can be used as dye sources. Different extracts obtained from X. stenophylla were tested in terms of antioxidant and antibacterial traits. Phenol and flavonoid concentrations of the extracts were also determined. Chloroform and acetone were used as solvents in the soxhlet extraction. While bacteria-inhibiting efficacy was detected with the disc diffusion technique. The antioxidant property was determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity, reducing power and metal chelating activity. Chloroform extract was most effective against Bacillus megaterium with an inhibition zone of 25 mm. Both the acetone and chloroform extracts were not effective against Klebsiella pneumonia. The highest phenolic content was found in the chloroform extract (42.58±0.47 µg/mL) and the highest flavonoid content was obtained in the acetone extract (113.56±1.02 µg/mL). DPPH activity of lichen extracts was between 9.33-33.84%. The reducing activity extracts and standards were found the given order: BHT>Rutin>Chloroform extract of X. stenophylla> Acetone extract of X. stenophylla. In the study, it was seen that X. stenophylla can probably be an alternative to the other natural antioxidant and antibacterial agents. Anahtar kelimeler

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