Aldehyde dehydrogenases 1 family member A1(ALDH1A1) gene codes a cytoplasmic enzyme and shows vital physiological and pathophysiological functions in many areas. ALDH1A1 plays important roles in various diseases, especially in cancers. We reviewed and summarized representative correlative studies and found that ALDH1A1 could induce cancers via the maintenance of cancer stem cell properties, modification of metabolism, promotion of DNA repair. ALDH1A1 expression is regulated by several epigenetic processes. ALDH1A1 also acted as a tumor suppressor in certain cancers. The detoxification of ALDH1A1 often causes chemotherapy failure. Currently, ALDH1A1-targeted therapy is widely used in cancer treatment, but the mechanism by which ALDH1A1 regulates cancer development is not fully understood. This review will provide insight into the status of ALDH1A1 research and new viewpoint for cancer therapy.
Objects: The present study aimed to identify the clinicopathological characteristics of colorectal cancer (CRC) with invasive micropapillary components (IMPCs) and the relationship between different amounts of micropapillary components and lymph node metastasis. Methods: A cohort of 363 patients with CRC who underwent surgical treatment in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine between January 2013 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. We compared the clinicopathological characteristics, including survival outcomes and immunohistochemical profiles (EMA, MUC1, MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2), between CRC with IMPCs and those with conventional adenocarcinoma (named non-IMPCs in this study). Logistic regression was used to identify the association between IMPCs and lymph node invasion. A multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model to evaluate significant survival predictors. Results: Among 363 patients, 76 cases had IMPCs, including 22 cases with a lower proportion of IMPCs (≤5%, IMPCs-L) and 54 cases with a higher proportion (>5%, IMPCs-H). Compared to the non-IMPC group, the IMPC group (including both IMPC-L and IMPC-H) had a lower degree of tumor differentiation (P = .000), a higher N-classification (P = .000), more venous invasion (P = .019), more perineural invasion (P = .025) and a later tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P = .000). Only tumor differentiation (P = .031) and tumor size (P = .022) were different between IMPCs-L and IMPCs-H. EMA/MUC1 enhanced the characteristic inside-out staining pattern of IMPCs, whereas non-IMPCs showed luminal staining patterns. The percentage of mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR) in the non-IMPC group was much higher than that in the IMPC group (14.7% vs 4.7%). The overall survival time of patients with IMPCs was significantly less than that of patients with non-IMPCs (P = .002), then that of IMPCs-H was lower than that of IMPCs-L (P = .030). Logistic regression revealed that patients with IMPCs were associated with lymph metastasis, regardless of the proportion of IMPCs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated both IMPCs-L and IMPCs-H as negative prognostic factors. Conclusions: IMPCs are significantly associated with lymph node metastasis and poor outcome, and even a minor component (≤5%) may render significant information and should therefore be part of the pathology report.
: Breast cancer is the most frequent female cancer and one of the leading causes of cancer death in women. There are many chemotherapy agents available for the treatment of breast cancer, but the current therapeutic options have not fulfilled the desired outcomes especially for the drug-resistant breast cancer therapy. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-breast cancer agents. Coumarin is ubiquitous in natural and synthetic bioactive compounds, and coumarin derivatives are readily interacting with a variety of enzymes and receptors in breast cancer cells. Moreover, the coumarin-based Irosustat as the first-generation steroid sulfatase inhibitor in breast cancer is under clinical evaluations, revealing the potential of coumarin derivatives as novel anti-breast cancer agents. This review aims to describe the recent development of natural and synthetic coumarin derivatives with anti-breast cancer potential, covering the articles published from 2015 to 2020.
Objective: This study aimed to screen the potential molecular targets for proximal, mid, and distal esophageal cancers.Methods: The clinical data, RNA-seq data, and survival data for TCGA esophageal cancer were retrieved from UCSC Xena database. The samples with clinical information on the esophageal tumor central location were selected. Differential analyses on different groups (mid vs. proximal, distal vs. proximal, and distal vs. mid) were performed. Following the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in three groups were analyzed, the common genes were subjected to survival analysis, miRNA prediction, and drug-gene analysis. The specific genes were annotated for functional and module analyses.Results: Six common genes, namely KCNA1, CCDC196, UNC5CL, CYP3A5, CA10, and REG3A, were analyzed among three comparison groups. The expression of CA10 and REG3A was significantly correlated in the prognosis of patients with esophageal cancer. The distal vs. mid groups screened 766 specific DEGs, and the mid vs. proximal group screened 99 specific DEGs. Functional analysis showed that the genes of distal vs. mid groups, including EDN3, CGA, CCR9, and GABRA2, as well as genes in the mid vs. proximal groups, including GCGR, OXTR, and MCHR2, were significantly enriched in neural functions. In the distal vs. proximal groups, there were 314 specific DEGs, including CYP2C8 and OXGR1.Conclusion: Six common genes may serve as the potential molecular targets for the treatment of all proximal, mid, and distal esophageal cancers.
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