The construction of offshore wind power pile foundations on artificial islands is a challenging task due to soil consolidation and additional loads that result in negative skin friction (NSF). In this study, a comprehensive pile–soil interaction model is established to investigate the development of NSF in artificial islands under the action of self-weight consolidation of fill soil and surcharge load. The one-dimensional consolidation theory and an ideal elastoplastic load transfer model are employed to obtain the analytical solution for skin friction and axial force of the pile with respect to time and depth. The predicted results are in good agreement with the field tests and finite element methods. Finally, a parametric study is conducted to investigate the effect of pile installation time, surcharge load, and pile head load on the development of NSF.
An image-based gradation calculation method considering crushed stone morphology is proposed in this paper. Eight kinds of crushed stones are prepared to figure out the effect of the particle shape on the gradation. All particles are pictured and the photos are processed to obtain particle shape indices by using the image-based method. A minimum Feret diameter analysis method is used, which can reflect the influence of the particle shape. Then the paper proposes a developed overall regularity to describe the morphology of particles, which is calculated by the weight of three shape indices: aspect ratio, convexity and sphericity. The developed overall regularity is applied on gradation curve equations to provide an image-based gradation calculation method. And the provided method is validated to well fit the actual case. Furthermore, the method is also applied on two examples of gradation designation and the result proves to be feasible and practicable.
An image-based gradation calculation method considering crushed stone morphology is proposed in this paper. Eight kinds of crushed stones are prepared to figure out the effect of the particle shape on the gradation. All particles are pictured, and the photos are processed to obtain particle shape indices by using the image-based method. A minimum Feret diameter analysis method is used, which can reflect the influence of the particle shape. Then, the paper proposes a developed overall regularity to describe the morphology of particles, which is calculated by the weight of three shape indices: aspect ratio, convexity, and sphericity. The developed overall regularity is applied on gradation curve equations to provide an image-based gradation calculation method. And the provided method is validated to well fit the actual case. Furthermore, the method is also applied on two examples of gradation designation and the result proves to be feasible and practicable.
An image-based gradation calculation method considering crushed stone morphology is proposed in this paper. Eight kinds of crushed stones are prepared to figure out the effect of the particle shape on the gradation. All particles are pictured and the photos are processed to obtain particle shape indices by using the image-based method. A minimum Feret diameter analysis method is used, which can reflect the influence of the particle shape. Then the paper proposes a developed overall regularity to describe the morphology of particles, which is calculated by the weight of three shape indices: aspect ratio, convexity and sphericity. The developed overall regularity is applied on gradation curve equations to provide an image-based gradation calculation method. And the provided method is validated to well fit the actual case. Furthermore, the method is also applied on two examples of gradation designation and the result proves to be feasible and practicable.
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