Driver characteristics have been the research focus for automotive control. Study on identification of driver characteristics is provided in this paper in terms of its relevant research directions and key technologies involved. This paper discusses the driver characteristics based on driver’s operation behavior, or the driver behavior characteristics. Following the presentation of the fundamental of the driver behavior characteristics, the key technologies of the driver behavior characteristics are reviewed in detail, including classification and identification methods of the driver behavior characteristics, experimental design and data acquisition, and model adaptation. Moreover, this paper discusses applications of the identification of the driver behavior characteristics which has been applied to the intelligent driver advisory system, the driver safety warning system, and the vehicle dynamics control system. At last, some ideas about the future work are concluded.
Constructing Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts is a prevalent strategy to prolong the lifetime of photoinduced charge carriers without reducing their redox potentials. Nevertheless, these photocatalysts were usually mingled with type-II heterojunction, leading to a decrease in the redox potentials of photoinduced charge carriers. Herein, based on the absolute electronegativity of semiconductors, a Z-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst of GaPO 4 /α-MoC/ Ga 2 O 3 was designed and successfully constructed, in which the formation of type-II heterojunction was prevented between GaPO 4 and Ga 2 O 3 . In the GaPO 4 /α-MoC/Ga 2 O 3 photocatalyst, the conduction band (CB) and valance band (VB) potentials and the Fermi level of Ga 2 O 3 are higher than those of GaPO 4 , respectively. Under irradiation, photoinduced electrons on the CB of GaPO 4 migrate to the electron mediator α-MoC and subsequently recombine with the photoinduced holes of Ga 2 O 3 , thereby retaining the photoinduced charge carriers with higher redox potentials. As a result, GaPO 4 / α-MoC/Ga 2 O 3 exhibits a 4-fold enhancement of activity for CO 2 photoreduction, compared to Ga 2 O 3 . Photocatalytic mechanism studies indicate that superoxide radicals might be an important intermediate for CO 2 reduction to CO. The present work supplies a paradigm to construct a Z-scheme heterostructure without mingling type-II heterojunction via energy band engineering.
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