Background Neural tube defect (NTD) is a structural defect of the central nervous system of the developing embryo during the first month of developmental process. Most congenital malformations are potentially preventable cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Worldwide, around 10% of infant mortalities are due to nervous system defects. In Ethiopia there are limited published data regarding the prevalence and established preventive strategy of NTDs. The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of NTDs among pregnancy outcomes in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital (DBRH), Ethiopia. Methods Hospital based retrospective cross sectional, descriptive study was conducted on registration of all pregnancy outcomes from August 30, 2017 to August 30, 2019 at DBRH, Ethiopia. The collected data were checked for completeness and consistencies, and cleaned, coded and entered using Epi data version 4.2 and exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 20 for analysis. Variables were interpreted per 1000 pregnancies and those variables having p<0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results The total prevalence of NTDs was 10.9 (95% CI 8.9 to 13.3) per 1000 pregnancies and the prevalence of each NTD type was anencephaly 5.6 (95% CI 4.2 to 7.4) per 1000 pregnancies, spina bifida 3.5 (95% CI 2.4 to 4.9) per 1000 pregnancies, encephalocele 1.1 (95% CI 0.6 to 2.0) per 1000 pregnancies, and both spina bifida and anencephaly 0.7(95% CI 0.3 to 1.4) per 1000 pregnancies. Among livebirths, aborted, stillbirths and medically terminated pregnancies (n = 8862), there were 50 anencephaly cases, 31 spina bifida cases, 10 encephalocele cases, and 6 cases affected by both spina bifida and anencephaly. Conclusion The prevalence of NTDs in this study was among the highest globally reported. The total prevalence was 10.9 per 1000 pregnancies. Increased periconceptional folic acid use, counseling for women with certain medical illnesses at higher risk for NTDs, and early maternal screening for genetic factors are possible approaches to reduce in NTDs in the population.
Background: - Birth defects are congenital anomalies that are present at birth of the neonate, and can be structural, functional, or metabolic. Structural birth defects are those that affect the development of body part. Failure of the neural tube to close at different regions result in positional variations of neural tube defects (NTDs). It is caused through multifactorial disorders, arising from a complex combination of genetic determinants and environmental factors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the maternal risk factor associated with NTDs among pregnant outcome in Debre Berhan Referral Hospital, North Shewa, Ethiopia.Methods: - Hospital based unmatched case control study was conducted among 50 cases and 100 controls for associated risk factors of NTDs. The study was carried out at Debre Berhan Referral Hospital from August 30/2017 to August 30/2019. The data was checked for completeness and consistencies, and cleaned, coded and entered using Epi data version 4.2 and was exported to Statistical Package for Social Sciences software version 20 for analysis. Variables having p<0.05 was consider as statistically significant.Results: - In this study 50 cases and 100 controls were employed. Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal age, <20 (p=0.046), maternal age 31-35 (p=0.028), no education (p=0.014), family history of NTDs (p=0.034), history of multiparous (p=0.002), history of abortion (p=0.024) and still birth (p=0.009), No ANC follow up, unplanned pregnancy (p=0.000), history of medical illness (p=0.001), hyperthermia (p=0.000), used antipyretics drugs (p=0.002), Never use of folic acid and oral contraceptive use (p=0.001), exposure to smoking (p=0.001) and pesticides (p=0.000), and use of local alcohol (p=0.000) had significant association with NTDs.Conclusions: - Family history of NTDs, coffee and alcohol consumption, maternal no education, maternal hyperthermia and disease, maternal antipyretic use, maternal age <20 and 31-35, exposure to pesticides and smoking were associated with the increasing the risk of NTDs. Comprehensive preventive strategies focused on the identified risk factors should be established and early preconceptional maternal screening for genetic factors and medical illness as well as preconceptional folic acid supplementation are the effective possible approaches to bring about the required reduction in NTDs.
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