A study of 105 women (40non-pregnant women [control group] and 65pregnant women) attending the child and maternal health center in Mosul, included determination of trace element (zinc, copper, manganese, magnesium and iron)in pregnant women and their effect on the three trimesters of pregnancy and in multiple pregnancy. The results showed significantly lower concentration of serum zinc, manganese, magnesium and iron in pregnant women compared with non-pregnant women at P=0.0001, P=0.05, P=0.005, Pd ≤ 0.001 respectively, while concentration of serum copper clamp up through pregnancy, and the results showed significantly lower concentration of serum zinc in the 1 st and 2 nd trimesters of pregnancy women compared with non-pregnant women at P<0.05, P<0.005 respectively and significantly lower concentration of serum manganese and magnesium in the 2 nd and 3 rd trimesters of pregnancy women compared with non-pregnant women at P<0.005, P<0.001 respectively. On the other hand, showed significantly lower concentration of serum iron in the three trimesters of pregnancy women compared with non-pregnant women at P<0.05, P<0.005, P<0.001 respectively. Finally the results showed in pregnant women low concentration of serum zinc and iron in multiple pregnancy compared with first pregnancy and high concentration of copper in multiple pregnancy compared with first pregnancy, while concentration of manganese and magnesium stay equal in spite of multiple pregnancy.

The study focused on magnesium and zinc and their relationship with insulin resistance in women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS), where 61 samples were taken from women who had the syndrome and 45 samples from women who weren't affected by the syndrome as a control group. The results showed that there is a significant negative correlation between magnesium and zinc with insulin resistance (IR) at (p = 0.001) and ( p = 0.004) respectively, for those with the syndrome, due to the high levels of insulin in their blood and the incapacity of zinc and magnesium to play their respective roles in regulating the insulin and blood sugar level. Their relationship  with body mass index (BMI) were strongly significant at (p = 0.009) and (p = 0.01) respectively, and with waist-hip ratio (WHR) were significant at (p = 0.002) and (p = 0.001) respectively. Finally, the study proved that magnesium and zinc are two new markers of increased risk factors for PCOS in women with insulin resistance.

Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) is essential to the proper functioning of the human body. This vitamin belongs to fat-soluble vitamins, responsible for stimulating the intestinal absorption of calcium and phosphate. It has been recently observed that vitamin D may be related to cases of female infertility. This study aimed to examine the effect of vitamin D on female infertility by analyzing hormonal and biochemical parameters. Estrogen, progesterone, FSH, LH, total Cholesterol, Triglyceride, HDL, LDL, VLDL, vitamin D, and BMI were tested in 60 women with infertility and 40 fertile women as a control group. The results showed a highly significant elevation in LH concentration, Triglyceride, LDL, and BMI in infertile women, compared to the healthy women at a significant P = 0.025, P = 0.01, P = 0.05, and P = 0.001, respectively. Also, a significant low elevation in the concentration of estrogen, progesterone, FSH, HDL, and vitamin D in infertile women when compared to the healthy women at a significant level of P = 0.01, P = 0.039, P = 0.05, P = 0.05, and P = 0.001, respectively was observed. This vitamin had a strong positive relationship with progesterone, FSH, total cholesterol, HDL, and LDL. It was also proved a significant inverse correlation to LH, estrogen, TG, VLDL, and BMI. It could be concluded that there is a significant decrease in the level of vitamin D in infertile women compared with the group of healthy women, especially with high BMI. It could also be deduced that vitamin D can be a new marker of increasing infertility and miscarriage risk.