Due to its fragile ecological environment and superior natural and location conditions, coastal areas are receiving extensive attention all over the world. Scientific space control is needed to ensure the harmonious development of the “human-land-ocean” system in this region. The monitoring index system is a crucial grasp of the national territory use control; it is also one of the main contents in the reform of China’s planning system in the new era. Therefore, based on the strategic idea of land–sea overall management and the concept of “life community of human, mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes, grasslands, and ocean”, this study puts forward three connotations of the index system of coastal spatial planning from the perspective of “function-structure-elements.” Then, adopting the methods of “multiple planning integration” and expert consultation and using the research idea of “setting control objectives, contents, and indicators,” an index system suitable for coastal space control is constructed. The results show that the index system puts forward 33 sub-indexes for coastal ecological space, living space, and production space and provides a basis for the high-quality development of coastal space through the restrictions and requirements on the total amount, bottom line, boundary, conversion, and quality of various spatial elements. This study can provide a basis for formulation, implementation, and later monitoring of coastal spatial planning and provide an index reference for the management of coastal areas in other countries in the world.
To date, various studies have analyzed changes in the landscape but there are few studies which have explored landscape processes and the corresponding driving factors. This study makes up for this deficiency in the systematic theoretical exposition and the spatiotemporal analysis of landscape processes. The results show that the amount of arable land outflow and built-up land inflow have resulted in an increase of 92,311.11 ha of built-up land that is mostly distributed around the administrative center and along the coast of Jiaozhou Bay. The outflow of ecological land is a major resource for replenishing arable land, by 37,016.19 ha, especially in terms of the grassland that is distributed in the hilly areas west of Jiaozhou Bay. The outflow of the salt-field, fish-farm and ecological land outflow have good connectivity, a large patch size, and an irregular shape. The ecological type, elevation, slope, and vegetation coverage are the four factors that have a great influence on all landscape processes. A gentler slope and lower elevation, and proximity to cities and towns land will produce more arable land outflow and built-up land inflow. However, arable land inflow and ecological land outflow are the opposite. This research will guide natural resource management for a rapidly developing coastal zone.
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