In-work poverty refers to the lack of sufficient income to meet the needs of the person and their families even though they are working. In this study, it aims to reveal the causes and effects of in-work poverty and profile of the working poor in the light of data from the EU and Turkey. In this direction, the prominent causes and effects were determined and discussed through a literature review, and the data on the working poor were examined descriptively. As a result of the examination, it has been seen that working for temporary and low wages, household structure and density, and individual factors such as education, gender, age, health, and migration status are determinants of in-work poverty. On the other hand, it has been determined that the risk of working poverty is higher for men as a gender, for those with primary education or below as an education level, for single-parent families as a household structure, for part-time workers for working hours, and for those working in a temporary job as a contract type. The results reveal that employment alone does not protect the individual from poverty and that it is important to create good jobs together with employment.
This study aims to examine labour market indicators in developing industrial countries like Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkey between 1999 and 2019. Indonesia, Malaysia, and Turkey’s labour market indicators are taken into consideration. ILO's estimation taken from the Data Bank World website is used when comparing these countries' labour market indicators. The official statistics on the websites of these countries also contributed to the study. The years are chosen explicitly as after the 1999 crisis and 2008 crises, after 2015. Even though each country’s dynamics vary, nearly all three countries implemented import substitution and export policies simultaneously and they exposed themselves to global markets during the same period. When the labour market indicators are assessed, the 15 – 64 age-old active group population is in constant growth, while the passive group is in decline. In this study, each country's labour market indicator is examined for the periods mentioned above, and the comprehensive analysis method is used. By reviewing labour literature, the labour markets and their implementations are assessed and compared with each other.
Keywords: Emerging Industrialized Countries; Indonesia; Labour Market Indicators; Malaysia; Turkey.
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