The phenylpropanoid pathway serves as a rich source of metabolites in plants, and it is considered as a starting point for the production of many other important compounds such as the flavonoids, flavonols, coumarins, and lignans. Scrophularia striata is a member of the Lamiaceae family with some biological activities similar to flavonoid compounds such as antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities. Cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H) and Chalcone synthase (CHS) are key enzymes of the phenylpropanoid pathway, leading to the biosynthesis of several secondary metabolites. In this study, two S. striata CHS and C4H were isolated and then analyzed. The investigation of the expression of these genes was performed under the effects of three salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and gibberellic acid (GA) at concentrations of 100 and 300 ppm with a completely randomized design at the transcript level using Real Time PCR method. These have different expression patterns at developmental stages. Moreover, these genes present different sensitivities to hormonal treatment. Considering the total results, it was found that the amount of expression of these genes during the reproductive phase is higher than that of the vegetative phase. Additionally, the treatment of 300 ppm SA in the reproductive phase is the most effective treatment on increasing the corresponding phenylpropanoid compounds. A correlation analysis was performed between the phenylpropanoid compounds content and both CHS and C4H expression values at different phenological development stages. The results indicate that the expression variations of both CHS and C4H are significantly related to the changes in total phenolic content. We believe that the isolation of CHS and C4H can be helpful in better understanding phenylpropanoid metabolis.

Domestication of plant and animals is presses that provide better used of them for human. Wheat is one of the oldest crops that have been domesticated 10,000 years ago. SOS and Q genes have important role in wheat domesticated. Relationship and phylogenetic of Q gene in wheat and wild relatives is very important for breeders. So, new methods such as bioinformatics can be used for this purpose. Bioinformatics analysis display that there is high conservative region among wheat and wild relatives for Q gene. Distance-matrix indicated that Triticum timopheevii and Triticum spelta have highest and lowest similarity with triticum aestivum at nucleotide level. Also phylogenetic three using UPGMA method show that Triticum timopheevii with Triticum aestivum are very closed together that it is possible that Q gene from T. timopheevii (AA genome) via introgression arrived to T. aestivum (AABBDD genome).