Bakanae rice disease caused by fungus Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg (F. fujikuroi) and occurs in the most growing rice areas of the world. Transmission of this disease by soil and seed, so seed addressing by different material is useful to control bakanae disease. This study is focused on antifungal activity for some plant extracts i.e. Ammi visnaga (A. visnaga), Eucalyptus globulus (E. globulus), Artemisia judaica (A. judai) and Coriandrum sativum (C. sativum) on the linear growth of F. fujikuroi. Identification of chemical compounds was done for two plant extracts A. visnaga and E. globulus by qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening, and gas chromatographymass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Seeds was treatments with plant extracts with different concentrations under greenhouse condition. Changes in seedling content for enzymes such as peroxidase (POX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) after 7 and 14 days of treatments by plant extracts has been observed. Management bakanae disease under field condition by seed treatment with plant extracts. The results indicate that A. visnaga was the most effective on the linear growth with concentration 500 ppm. The obtained results from qualitative phytochemical tests for A. visnaga indicates presence of coumarins, tannins, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoids and steroids and absence of phenols. E. globulus found tannins, phenols, saponin, terpenoids, flavonoid and absences of coumarins and steroids. Tannins and terpenoids were the highest quantitative phytochemical constituent determined in A. visnaga. While phenols and flavonoids were the most active phytochemical constituents determined in E. globulus. The chemical constituents for GC-MS analysis of A. visnaga were benzene methyl, khellin, visnagin and vitamin E. While, E. globulus has eucalyptol, terpinen, ellagic acid and gallic acid. Under greenhouse condition, A. visnaga was the most effective in reducing the number of death and number of infected seedling, increasing the germination % at different concentrations compared with other treatments. POX, PPO and H 2 O 2 were induced in inoculated seedling compared with the un-inoculated seedling. Seed treatments with A. visnaga and E. globulus produced the highest enzymes increase and decreased H 2 O 2 content in seedling. Under field condition, there are no significant difference between A. visnaga and Rhizolex-T 50% as seed treatment in reduction of disease incidence or disease severity of bakanae in 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. Grain yield was increased in treated plant with A. visnaga and Rhizolex-T 50% in both seasons.
Rice is considered as one of the most important food crops in the world. Rice plants infected by several plant pathogens. In Egypt, however important diseases of rice namely blast and brown spot are major limitation on rice production and becoming more sever on rice grown in silicon depleted soil. Disease that occurs to plant may reduce the ability of the plant to survive and in more severe cases could eventually lead to plant death. Two field experiments were carried out to study the effect of different sources of biogenic silica nanoparticles on blast, brown spot diseases and yield component in rice at Rice Research and Training Center Experimental Farm, Sakha, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt. The effect of different sources of silica on the behavior and infection by rice blast on Sakha 101 rice variety had been studied in the first experiment. While the second experiment included the behavior and infection by brown spot of Egyptian Hybrid Rice One under silica nanoparticles biogenic treatments. The silica treatments were white rice husk, rice husk nanoparticles, white rice straw, rice straw nanoparticles, Mg 2 O 8 Si 3, and K 2 SiO 2. Chemical fungicides (Beam and Del-Cup) and tap water were used as control. Different biogenic and chemical silica led to decreasing blast disease infection in Sakha 101 compared with control (tap water). Most of the agronomic characters of Sakha 101 were affected significantly by different treatments. All treatment of different biogenic and chemical silica sources decreased the leaf infection percent and severity for brown spot disease on Egyptian Hybrid Rice One. Different treatments significantly affected panicle length, number of filled grains per panicle, number of unfilled spikelets per panicle, 1000-grain weight, and grain yield and harvest index of Egyptian Hybrid Rice One. The result of this study suggests that silica caused decrease the intensity of blast and brown spot diseases.
ilica nanoparticles (Si NPs) were extracted by different methods from mrice husk (RH)and ric estraw (RS), and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For the XRD results, the crystalline size was calculated using Scherer equation. The particle size of rice husk nanoparticles (RHNPs) and rice straw nanoparticles (RSNPs) were 73.6 nm and 133.7 nm, respectively. Silica present in RHNPs and RSNPs was about 22.78 and 9.56%, respectively. Si NPs were effective in controlling rice blast (Pyricularia grisea) and brown spot (Bipolaris oryzae) fungal diseases under greenhouse conditions during 2015 season. Efficiency of soil application with RHNPs and white rice husk ash WRHA 92.56 & 90.90% at the rate of 1.5 g/1kg, were the most effective treatments to reduce blast disease severity compared to other treatments as well as control. On the other hand, rice plantswere treated with liquid potassium silicate (K2SiO2), WRHA and RHNPs gave 96.92, 93.07 and 91.53 % efficiency, respectively as foliar application for the control of brown spot disease compared with other treatments. SEM/energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDX) observations and X-ray spectra of adaxial surfaces of the fourth rice leaves Sakha 101 rice cultivar) in soil applied with 1.5g/1kg gave different types of silicified cells. The corresponding EDX spectra compared with the SEM images demonstrated differences in silicon content between soil treated by RHNPs 13.75% and nontreated plants 10.6%. Silicon accumulation in Sakha 101 rice leaves treated with RHNPs as soil application at 1.5g/1kg was increasing Si layers in epidermal cell walls, cuticle and the thickness of the silicon layer. Also, outer regions of epidermal cell walls and intercellular spaces within sub-epidermal tissues. All the silicon layers may be playinga role in increasing the resistanceof rice plants and controlling the rice diseases.
Disease resistance of rice plant is mainly genetically controlled but has a close association with the soil fertility status of the plants or pathogens; and thus, nutrient management has always been an important regulator for rice plant diseases. There is a dynamic interrelation between the soil fertility of rice plants with pathogen and abiotic environment, and hence, proper management of nutrients in cultivated rice crop can effectively reduce the severity of most diseases. Therefore, the current research is aimed to investigate the effects of mineral and organic fertizers of kernel smut incidence disease on the Giza 178 rice cultiver. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out at Rice Research & Training Center (RRTC) during 2016 and 2017 grwoing seasons. Kernel smut disease, caused by Tilletia barclayana was isolated and identificated in this study. Pathogenicity test was carried out on Giza 171, the most sensitive rice cultivar. While Giza 178 was used to field evaluated. Randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment with three replicates was used. Farm yard manure (FYM), compost and different P, K and Zn combinations (total 15 treatments) with and without urea application were used. Chlorophyll content, leaf area, total protein, total carbohydrate, rice grain yield, disease assessment, plant analysis for total N, P, K and Zn were estimated. The results indicated that, the highest N% content was obtained from FYM+Zn and P+compost combination. There were significant differences between FYM, composts and mineral fertilizer application with and without urea on rice disease incidence. Also, chlorophyll content, leaf area and grain yield were significantally affected by applying mineral and organic fertilizer with and without urea application. The hulling% and milling% decreased by increasing the disease severity. The infection % of Giza 178 rice cultivar without urea application ranged from 6.5% to 10.20% in 2016 and 2017 seasons, respectively , while with application of urea increased the infection% to the range from 21.75% to 24.50% in the same seasons.
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