This paper presents a newly designed scheme based on neural networks to detect loss of excitation (LOE) in synchronous generators. The proposed scheme uses more accurate mechanism and needs fewer parameters in order to achieve fast and reliable detection of LOE. Furthermore, being able to discriminate between LOE and stable power swings is a major concern to enhance the performance of traditional LOE protection. Therefore, the designed network is trained to discriminate between both cases clearly. For training and testing the proposed neural network, MATLAB program has been used for simulation. In addition, by using comparison analysis between the designed network and the previous ones and the traditional MHO relay, the results ensure that the proposed scheme has more secure and fast characters in detecting and discriminating LOE. Keywords Synchronous generator • Loss of excitation • Power swing • Protection • Neural networks • Artificial neural network • Stable power swings List of Symbols X s The system impedance X d The synchronous reactance of the d-axis X ′ d The transient reactance of the d-axis X ′′ d The sub-transient reactance of the d-axis X ′ q The transient reactance of the q-axis X ′′ q The sub-transient reactance of the q-axis T do ′ The d-axis transient open-circuit time constant T do ′′ The d-axis sub-transient open-circuit time constant T qo ′ The q-axis transient open-circuit time constant I Generator's current V Generator's voltage Abbreviations AI Artificial intelligence ANFIS Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system ANN Artificial neural network FACTS Flexible AC transmission systems LOE Loss of excitation
This chapter introduces EMC installation for variable speed drive systems. As an introduction, EMC standards have been mentioned in order to define the requirements characteristics, besides the fundamentals of static, electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields. Both inductive and capacitive coupling have been discussed to deal with shielding. Finally, VSDS emission and electromagnetic interferences were studied with installation requirement in VSDS (supply cables, cable between converter and motor, control cables, earthing requirements, and grounding).
This chapter describes the upcoming technology for electrical power systems that gives the appropriate solution for the integration of the distributed energy resources. In this chapter, different categories of smart grids have been classified, and the advantages, weakness, and opportunities of each one, are given in addition to determining its own operating conditions. Micro-grids are the most common kind of smart grid. It has been classified under different criteria, such as architecture with different topology (connected mode, island mode, etc.) and demand criteria (simple micro grids, multi-DG, utility) and by capacity into simple micro-grid, corporate micro-grid, and independent micro-grid, and by AC/DC type to DC micro-grids, AC micro-grids, Hybrid micro-grids. Finally, most familiar Micro-grid components have been discussed such as an energy management system along with several types of control and communication systems in addition to the economic study of a micro-grids.
This chapter describes the upcoming technology for electrical power systems that gives the appropriate solution for the integration of the distributed energy resources. In this chapter, different categories of smart grids have been classified, and the advantages, weakness, and opportunities of each one, are given in addition to determining its own operating conditions. Micro-grids are the most common kind of smart grid. It has been classified under different criteria, such as architecture with different topology (connected mode, island mode, etc.) and demand criteria (simple micro grids, multi-DG, utility) and by capacity into simple micro-grid, corporate micro-grid, and independent micro-grid, and by AC/DC type to DC micro-grids, AC micro-grids, Hybrid micro-grids. Finally, most familiar Micro-grid components have been discussed such as an energy management system along with several types of control and communication systems in addition to the economic study of a micro-grids.
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