The aim of this study was to examine demographic, environmental, belief, and personality factors related to maternal well-being as a part of a comprehensive project. In this study, maternal well-being was measured as prenatal anxiety and postnatal depression. A total of 200 pregnant women participated in this study. Women were included who were married, pregnant with a first child, working full time before conception and over the age of 20 years. The participants were selected from university hospitals and birth clinics in Ankara, Turkey. Participants were interviewed at 6-8 months of pregnancy and at 6-8 months after the birth. Each interview included structured items to measure relevant variables and lasted approximately 45-60 minutes. Results revealed that in the prenatal period lower maternal income, self-esteem and self-efficacy were significantly associated with prenatal maternal anxiety. In the postnatal period, maternal depressive symptoms were significantly associated with unplanned pregnancy, higher anxiety, perceived lower satisfaction with paternal physical support, and negative maternal attitudes toward employment. Findings indicated that prenatal high anxiety might be an adverse risk factor for postnatal well-being of mothers. In conclusion, both common and culture-specific factors related to prenatal and postnatal maternal well-being might assist with maternity and early care policies in this culture.

Cyberbullying is a ubiquitous topic when considering young people and internet and communication technologies (ICTs). For interventional purposes, it is essential to take into account the perspective of adolescents. This is the reason why our main focus is (1) investigating the role of different criteria in the perceived severity of cyberbullying incidents, and (2) examining the differences between countries in the perceived severity of cyberbullying. The sample consisted of 1,964 adolescents (48.2% girls) from middle and high schools of four different countries, i.e., Estonia, Italy, Germany, and Turkey. The participants' age ranged from 12 to 20 years old with a mean age of 14.49 (SD = 1.66) years. To assess perceived severity, participants rated a set of 128 scenarios, which systematically included one or more of five criteria (intentionality, repetition, imbalance of power, public vs. private, and anonymity) and represented four types of cyberbullying behaviors (Written—Verbal, Visual, Exclusion, Impersonation). The role of different criteria was analyzed using the Exploratory Structural Equation Modeling (ESEM). Results showed a similar structure across the four countries (invariant except for the latent factors' means). Further, criteria of imbalance of power and, to a lesser extent, intentionality, anonymity, and repetition always in combination, were found to be the most important criteria to define the severity of cyberbullying. Differences between countries highlighted specific features of Turkish students, who perceived all scenarios as more severe than adolescents from other countries and were more sensitive to imbalance of power. German and Italian students showed an opposite perception of anonymity combined with intentionality. For Italian participants, an anonymous attack was less threatening than for participants of other countries, whereas for German students anonymity caused more insecurity and fear. In addition, Italian adolescents were more perceptive of the criterion of intentionality. Finally, Estonian adolescents did not show strong differences in their factor scores compared to adolescents from the other countries.

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This study primarily aims to explore the association between perceived economic strain, parent-adolescent relational qualities and psychological well-being and to investigate the dyadic parental relationships during early adolescence. A total of 414 adolescents between the ages of 10 and 14 (M= 12.58, SD = .90) from three different socioeconomic status groups were included. Adolescents from low socioeconomic status families reported more parental conflict and in terms of dyadic relations, both boys and girls perceive more positive communication and less conflict with their fathers. Our findings have shown that the quality of adolescents' relationships with parents partially mediate the association between perceived economic strain and psychological well-being. Although findings related to dyadic relations indicated more positive relationships with fathers than with mothers, it seems that the mediational role of maternal outcome is relatively more powerful on the association between perceived economic strain and the life satisfaction and self-worth of Turkish adolescents.

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