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Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have acquired remarkable popularity, thanks to their variety of applications in numerous domains spanning from surveillance, health to agriculture and smart cities. UAVs are also enabler in wireless communication that has potential features such as ubiquitous and reliable connectivity, fast and easy deployment, adaptive altitude, higher chance of line of sight (LOS) propagation path, higher mobility and flexibility. There are numerous surveys that summarized these advantages for different situations and scenarios. However, none of these surveys discussed the role of UAVs in public safety communications from the energy efficiency perspective. In this paper, we review the existing literature for UAV communication with taking into account the energy consumption criteria, and propose a multi-layered network architecture incorporating UAVs for public safety communication. Future research directions are also discussed. INDEX TERMS UAV, multi-layered architecture, QoS, energy efficiency, public safety communications.

The unmanned air-vehicle (UAV) or mini-drones equipped with sensors are becoming increasingly popular for various commercial, industrial, and public-safety applications. However, drones with uncontrolled deployment poses challenges for highly security-sensitive areas such as President house, nuclear plants, and commercial areas because they can be used unlawfully. In this article, to cope with security-sensitive challenges, we propose point-to-point and flying ad-hoc network (FANET) architectures to assist the efficient deployment of monitoring drones (MDr). To capture amateur drone (ADr), MDr must have the capability to efficiently and timely detect, track, jam, and hunt the ADr. We discuss the capabilities of the existing detection, tracking, localization, and routing schemes and also present the limitations in these schemes as further research challenges. Moreover, the future challenges related to co-channel interference, channel model design, and cooperative schemes are discussed. Our findings indicate that MDr deployment is necessary for caring of ADr, and intensive research and development is required to fill the gaps in the existing technologies.

The fifth-generation (5G) communication systems will enable enhanced mobile broadband, ultra-reliable lowlatency, and massive connectivity services. The broadband and low-latency services are indispensable to public safety (PS) communication during natural or man-made disasters. Recently, the third generation partnership project long term evolution (3GPP-LTE) has emerged as a promising candidate to enable broadband PS communications. In this article, first we present six major PS-LTE enabling services and the current status of PS-LTE in 3GPP releases. Then, we discuss the spectrum bands allocated for PS-LTE in major countries by international telecommunication union (ITU). Finally, we propose a disaster resilient three-layered architecture for PS-LTE (DR-PSLTE). This architecture consists of a software-defined network (SDN) layer to provide centralized control, an unmanned air vehicle (UAV) cloudlet layer to facilitate edge computing or to enable emergency communication link, and a radio access layer. The proposed architecture is flexible and combines the benefits of SDNs and edge computing to efficiently meet the delay requirements of various PS-LTE services. Numerical results verified that under the proposed DR-PSLTE architecture, delay is reduced by 20% as compared with the conventional centralized computing architecture. II. EVOLUTION OF TETRA-BASED PUBLIC-SAFETY NETWORK AND RELATED WORKSRecently, there has been growing interest in improving communication technologies for PS networks and the existing TETRA-based systems. The major motivation is to provide PSC services till the completion of the evolution phase from the TETRA to the LTE. The evolution plan in Europe, specifically Finland, has five main steps to completely implement hybrid networks that could achieve almost similar performance like broadband LTE for emergency communication services. These steps are: 1) a mobile virtual network operator (MNVO) set up to meet increased data rate requirements. For this purpose, initially, the externally available broadband services will be used for PS services which will be replaced by the LTE core in the future, 2) critical content will be served arXiv:1809.09617v2 [cs.NI]

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