Hydrogen
fuel generation using solar light via photoelectrochemical
(PEC) methods can help meet growing global energy demands and decrease
environmental pollution. The key to efficient PEC hydrogen production
is the synthesis of solar light driven photoelectrodes with efficient
charge carrier separation. Here, we designed and prepared a ternary
Bi2MoO6/Pd/TiO2 photoelectrode composed
of Bi2MoO6 nanosheets, Pd nanoparticles (NPs),
and TiO2 nanotube arrays (NTAs) on a Ti substrate using
electrochemical methods. This novel photoelectrode had good visible
light absorbance and significantly improved PEC hydrogen production
rates (∼5- and >15-times higher under UV–vis and
visible
light irradiation, respectively, compared with TiO2NTAs).
The interfacial charge transfer mechanism of Bi2MoO6/Pd/TiO2 NTAs was comprehensively studied by comparing
its PEC and photoelectrocatalytic performance with that of other TiO2 NTAs (i.e., Pd/TiO2 NTAs, Bi2MoO6/TiO2 NTAs, and Pd/Bi2MoO6/TiO2 NTAs). For Bi2MoO6/Pd/TiO2 NTAs, Pd NPs homogeneously dispersed across the inside and
outside of TiO2 nanotube walls helped to tightly anchor
Bi2MoO6 nanosheets onto the TiO2 surface,
forming a ternary 3D heterostructure. This structure facilitated interfacial
electron injection from Bi2MoO6 to TiO2, accelerating the separation of the photogenerated electron–hole
pairs. Significantly enhanced photocurrent response and hydrogen production
rate were achieved compared with other TiO2 NTAs. This
3D ternary semiconductor/metal/semiconductor heterojunction provides
a viable approach for designing and synthesizing highly efficient
novel photocatalysts that can effectively utilize solar energy.
LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated through facile hydrothermal growth. The absorption edge of LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays displaying a red shift to ~540 nm was indicated by the results of diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) when compared to TiO2 nanotube arrays, which means that the sample of LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays had enhanced visible light response. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed that the LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays efficiently separated the photoinduced electron–hole pairs and effectively prolonged the endurance of photogenerated carriers. The results of methylene blue (MB) degeneration under simulated visible light illumination showed that the photocatalytic activity of LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays is obviously increased. LaFeO3 nanoparticle-modified TiO2 nanotube arrays with 12 h hydrothermal reaction time showed the highest degradation rate with a 2-fold enhancement compared with that of pristine TiO2 nanotube arrays.
In the paper, we calculate the fragmentation functions for c → η c and b → η b up to next-to-leading-order (NLO) QCD accuracy. The ultraviolet divergences in the real corrections are removed through operator renormalization under the modified minimal subtraction scheme. We then obtain the fragmentation functions D c→ηc (z, µ F ) and D b→η b (z, µ F ) up to NLO QCD accuracy, which are presented as figures and fitting functions. The numerical results show that the NLO corrections are significant. The sensitives of the fragmentation functions to the renormalization scale and the factorization scale are analyzed explicitly.
LaFeO3/TiO2 NTAs was synthesized by an electrochemical method and exhibited enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity and excellent photochemical stability.
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