This article examines electrochemical carbon monoxide (CO) sensors used as mobile devices by rescue and firefighting units in Poland. The conducted research indicates that the presence of chlorine (Cl 2 ), ammonia (NH 3 ), hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), hydrogen chloride (HCl), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), nitrogen (IV) oxide (NO 2 ), and sulfur (IV) oxide (SO 2 ) in the atmosphere does not affect the functioning of the electrochemical CO sensor. In the case of this sensor, there was a significant cross effect in relation to hydrogen (H 2 ). It was found that the time and manner of using the sensor affects the behavior in relation to H 2 . Such a relationship was not recorded for CO. Measurements in a mixture of CO and H 2 confirm the effect of hydrogen on the changes taking place inside the sensor. Independently of the ratio of H 2 to CO, readings of CO were flawed. All analyses showed a significant difference between the electrochemical CO sensor readings and the expected values. Only in experiments with a 1:3 mixture of CO and H 2 was the relative error less than 15%. The relative error in the analyzed concentration range for a sensor with an additional compensation electrode ranged from 7% to 38%; for a sensor without this electrode, it ranged from 23% to 55%. It was ascertained that in the cases of measurements for tests carried out at higher concentrations of H 2 in relation to CO, a sensor with an additional electrode is significantly better (more accurate) than a sensor without such an electrode. Differences at the significance level p = 0.01 for measurements made in the CO:H 2 mixture at a ratio of 1:3 were ascertained.Sustainability 2020, 12, 14 2 of 11 membranes [2,9,10]. The electrodes can be made of various materials. Many kinds of nanoparticles, such as metal, oxide, and semiconductor nanoparticles, have been used for constructing electrochemical sensors [11][12][13][14][15].The electrochemical sensor market is expected to register a Compound Annual Growth Rate of 11.4% over the forecast period 2019-2024. The emergence of nanotechnology-based sensors will drive the market during the forecast period [16].Statistical data indicate that the most common reason for the intervention of emergency services is the suspected release of carbon monoxide. CO is formed as a result of incomplete combustion of carbon and organic substances. As CO is an odorless, tasteless, and colorless gas, it is known as the silent killer. CO poisoning is the most common type of deadly air poisoning in many countries [17]. CO enters the body mainly through the respiratory system, and the amount that enters the body depends on the concentration of CO in the air and the amount of time for which a person breathes polluted air. The most common symptoms include headache, nausea and vomiting, dizziness, lethargy, and a feeling of weakness [18,19]. Health effects associated with exposure to CO range from the more subtle cardiovascular and neurobehavioral effects at low concentrations to unconsciousness and death after acute or chronic exposure to...
Abstract. The paper presents experimental and numerical validation of the combustion process of coal and flour dust dispersed in a spherical chamber of 20 cubic decimetres volume. The aim of the study is to validate the numerical simulation results in relation to the experimental data obtained on the test stand. To perform the numerical simulations, a Computational Fluid Dynamics code FLUENT was used. Geometry of the computational domain was built in compliance with EN 14460. Numerical simulations were divided into two main steps. The first one consists in a dust dispersion process, where influence of standardized geometry was verified. The second part of numerical simulations investigated dust explosion characteristics in compliance with EN 14034. After several model modifications, outcomes of the numerical analysis shows positive agreement with both, the explosion characteristics for different dust concentration levels and the maximum pressure increase obtained on the test stand.
The aim of the study was to prepare a mathematical model of gas mixture dispersion with the use of Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) technique. Three dimensional chlorine dispersion in a dynamic setup with the use of Volume of Fluid model (VOD) model was applied. The area of investigation was equal to 0.1km 2 and the high of the mathematical domain was equal to 50m. Atmosphere was considered in two stages: as one direction of wind flow and no wind. Comparison of constant and dynamic conditions indicated high impact of wind. For the windless case circular profile of chlorine concentration around dispersion source was observed. While, for the wind application the main chlorine concentration moved ahead the source of dispersion. Material and MethodsIn this study a mathematical description of an emergency chlorine ejection into the atmosphere with the flowing air was prepared. The following assumptions were made: (1)
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