Recent scholarship has argued that the People's Republic of China is paving its way into Central America, which is considered a US strategic area of interest. As the current evidence suggests, there will be a competition between the two great powers in the region. China has not only a business interest, but also a political one. In the past few years, Panama and El Salvador dismantled their diplomatic ties with Taiwan and recognized the PRC instead. It remains unclear whether the United States seeks to use its foreign policy tools to respond in the region. This article analyzes what types of policy tools the United States applies toward its allies to maintain its position in Central America. The first part reviews the literature on foreign policy toolkits and presents the research design. The empirical section then analyzes three existing forms of foreign policy tools (military, economic, and diplomatic) in the chosen countries. The article concludes that the United States uses its policy tools there, with certain limitations.
The recent considerable loss of many of Taiwan’s diplomatic allies remains unchanged. The authors of the article focus on the period between 2016 and 2018, when the People’s Republic of China (PRC) established its diplomatic ties with Taiwan’s former allies such as Gambia, Burkina Faso, the Dominican Republic, Panama, São Tomé and Príncipe and El Salvador. The aim is to explore whether the diplomatic transition was the outcome of dollar diplomacy alone, or if there were further motivations influencing the recognition process. The diplomatic overturn was analysed within six case studies with a specific focus on the non-economic motivations. In conclusion, the authors found out that the examined cases are different from each other – in terms of not only the motivations themselves but also the ‘levels’ of these motivations. In most of the cases, it was possible to detect at least one significant non-economic motivation for the diplomatic switch.
This book scrutinizes how contemporary practices of security have come torely on many different translations of security, risk, and danger.Institutions of national security policies are currently undergoing radicalconceptual and organisational changes, and this book presents a novelapproach for how to study and politically address the new situation.Complex and uncertain threat environments, such as terrorism, climatechange, and the global financial crisis, have paved the way for new forms ofsecurity governance that have profoundly transformed the ways in whichthreats are handled today. Crucially, there is a decentralisation of themanagement of security, which is increasingly handled by a broad set ofsocietal actors that previously were not considered powerful in the conductof security a!airs. This transformation of security knowledge andmanagement changes the meaning of traditional concepts and practices,and calls for investigation into the many meanings of security implied whencontemporary societies manage radical dangers, risks, and threats. It isnecessary to study both what these meanings are and how they developedfrom the security practices of the past. Addressing this knowledge gap, thebook asks how di!erent ideas about threats, risk, and dangers meet in thecurrent practices of security, broadly understood, and with what politicalconsequences.This book will be of interest to students of critical security studies,anthropology, risk studies, science and technology studies andInternational Relations.
This book scrutinizes how contemporary practices of security have come to rely on many different translations of security, risk, and danger. Institutions of national security policies are currently undergoing radical conceptual and organisational changes, and this book presents a novel approach for how to study and politically address the new situation. Complex and uncertain threat environments, such as terrorism, climate change, and the global financial crisis, have paved the way for new forms of security governance that have profoundly transformed the ways in which threats are handled today. Crucially, there is a decentralisation of the management of security, which is increasingly handled by a broad set of societal actors that previously were not considered powerful in the conduct of security affairs. This transformation of security knowledge and management changes the meaning of traditional concepts and practices, and calls for investigation into the many meanings of security implied when contemporary societies manage radical dangers, risks, and threats. It is necessary to study both what these meanings are and how they developed from the security practices of the past. Addressing this knowledge gap, the book asks how different ideas about threats, risk, and dangers meet in the current practices of security, broadly understood, and with what political consequences. This book will be of interest to students of critical security studies, anthropology, risk studies, science and technology studies and International Relations.
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