Background and Aims:The potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on changes in intestinal tissue of diabetic rats were investigated. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned into 5 groups (10 rats in each): Control, diabetes, diabetes+insulin, diabetes+melatonin, and diabetes+insulin+melatonin groups. Streptozotocin (60 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally to the rats to induce diabetes. At the end of 8 weeks of treatment, after blood glucose measurement and subsequent decapitation, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and caspase-3, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities in the intestinal tissue were investigated. Results: In diabetic animals, elevated blood glucose levels caused oxidant damage in the intestinal tissue that was demonstrated with increased MDA levels, caspase and MPO activities, and decreased GSH levels and SOD activities. Although melatonin demonstrated more significant results than insulin, separate administration of both melatonin and insulin improved the oxidative damage parameters compared to the diabetes group. In the combined treatment group, all parameters were back to control levels statistically more significant when compared with the treatment-alone. Conclusion: Melatonin has been shown to protect intestinal tissue from diabetic oxidant damage. With insulin treatment in type I diabetes, melatonin supplements may increase the quality of life through reducing complications.
In renovascular hypertension (RVH), oxidative stress and inflammation due to high blood pressure and elevated levels of angiotensin 2 are mainly responsible of cerebrovascular complications and impaired cognitive functions. Since the nicorandil has been shown to exert neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, we investigated the effect of nicorandil against vascular dementia and blood brain barrier damage in a rat model of angiotensin-dependent hypertension. Wistar albino rats, were divided as sham-operated control, renovascular hypertension (RVH) and Nicorandil-treated RVH groups. Silver clip was implanted onto the left renal artery. Using the tail-cuff method, blood pressure of rats was measured before the surgery and at the end of the post-surgical 3 rd and 12 th weeks. Nicorandil (4mg/kg, orally) or vehicle was administered for 9 weeks. Twelve weeks after RVH surgery, a new object recognition test was performed. Following the determination of blood brain barrier integrity, serum samples were taken for the evaluation of proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Levels of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase (Na + /K +-ATPase), as a marker of endothelial damage, were evaluated in the hippocampal tissues. RVH resulted in significant increases in TNF-α and IL-1β levels and decreases in Na + /K +-ATPase levels, along with impairment in blood brain barrier integrity and memory performance. In the nicorandil treatment group, these indices were reversed back to control levels. The present data demonstrated that nicorandil attenuates RVH-induced memory impairment and blood brain barrier damage in rats with RVH.
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