The advancement in the production and usage of the cerium oxide nanoparticles have diverted the attention of scientists towards their usage in medical field and therapeutic usage. The clinical usage of these Nano ceria is based on their ability to moderate the oxidative stress and this is only because of their ability to change their valent state from +3 to +4 which makes them ideal for scavenging radicals for use in a number of systemic and neurodegenerative disorders. This review aims to synthesize the basic methods used for the synthesis of nanoparticles along with the use of ligand, stabilizing agent and other components. This review also concludes that how various physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles effect the basic biological activities such as antimicrobial activity, cytotoxicity and many others. However, during the standardization, some of the physiochemical properties, methods used for preparation and catalytic abilities must be taken into account.
Drug designing and repurposing is the most important field in the pharmaceutical industries and biomedical sciences. Because the challenges caused by drug such as low retention time, sensitivity can affect the efficacy of developmental process. As AI or ML has proven to be a potential activity in the health and biomedical sciences and from previous research it has found that AI can learn new data and transform it into the useful knowledge. So, in field of pharmacology, the aim is to design more efficient and novel vaccines using this method which is also cost effective. The underlying fact is to predict the molecular mechanism and structure for increased likelihood of developing new drugs. Clinical, electronic, and high-resolution imaging datasets can be used as inputs to aid the drug development niche. Moreover, the use of comprehensive target activity has been performed for repurposing a drug molecule by extending target profiles of drugs which also include off targets with therapeutic potential providing a new indication.
Nanomaterials are molecules with their size lying basically in nano range that are usually synthesized by proper arrangement of nanoparticles. These particles are basically solid phase materials with average size range 1 to 100 nm. They have gained prominent importance in technological development because of their biological and physiochemical properties. They are usually classified or characterized on the basis of size, shape, origin, and composition. The chapter reviews nanoparticles, their detailed classification, and commercialized products from nanoparticles. Because of enhanced production of nanomaterials and their increased applications in biological and industrial fields, the issues related to toxicity or contamination are inevitable. The differences between engineered nanoparticles and natural nanoparticles have been described along with their sources.
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