The lithology of Ibb Province Yemen (Middle East) consists of Precambrian gneissic bedrocks with post-tectonic intrusions of granite and granodiorite. The overall topography is dominated by extensive volcanic extrusions that randomly surround Ibb Province with minimal Mesozoic sedimentary outcrops. According to the Yemen Geological Survey and Mineral Resource Board (YGSMRB), the origin and age of such extrusive bodies that manifest on the surface as dikes, lava flows, and small (currently passive) cinder-cone volcanoes are of Cenozoic age associated with the rifting episode of the Arabian Peninsula and subsequent opening of the Red Sea. The overall aerial extension of the volcanic extrusions diminishes further east towards Hammam-Damt (Al'Dali Province) with a noticeable shift in magma composition from basaltic to rhyolitic. The regional aquifer, a vital source of drinking water, seems to possess similar hydrogeological properties across the Province. However, physical surveys of watersheds, stream patterns, passive pumping stations, and active freshwater wells suggest that unlike rhyolitic rocks, Basaltic rocks are non-vesicular type, dense and having no apparent hydraulic conductivity and in view of these unique lithological characteristics, do not promote groundwater recharge. Also considering extensional geomorphic control on the drainage pattern, it is possible that investigated drainages are fault or structure-controlled and provide a significant constraint on groundwater flow. Therefore, an assessment of such a geomorphological disadvantage was conducted by correlating with terrain geomorphology, bedrock composition, stream patterns, and hydrologic conductivity observed in water wells. Geological Constraints Map 4. Geology Of Yemen References Al-Eryani. Mohamed. (2011). Yemen's Water Crisis: Understanding the Causes and Designing the Solution.
Capstone geologic field mapping courses in undergraduate geoscience programs aim to compliment the academic knowledge with technical field skills. As a pilot study, these tools were used to collect field data using folded lower Paleozoic to mid-Paleozoic sedimentary outcrops consisting of clastic, non-clastic and occasional mixed siliciclastics in Rosendale, Ulster County, New York. Rosendale is known for its classic geological outcrops with variable structural, stratigraphic, paleontological and sedimentological complexitiesideal for a field mapping course. Traditionally, students' data acquisition in the field and its subsequent laboratory analysis to produce a final geologic field report utilized acetate overlays to produce geologic maps, stratigraphic sections, and cross sections. However, the transition into digital mapping has been a challenge due to the limited resources, software access, and adequate technical training. Nevertheless, a recent experiment in utilizing simple-interface softwares such as sedlog, Dplot, and ArcGIS Pro result in additional techniques that enhance data acquisition, graphic representation, and geological interpretation. Employing ArcGIS Pro to initiate geologic field layouts and digital geologic maps enabled students to optimize the accuracy of measurements and geologic correlation of both limited and well-spaced outcrops. Dplot capability of constructing geomorphic profiles to project folding and faulting has provided students with an opportunity to reconstruct the past geological settings and draw conclusions pertaining to the development of the sedimentary basin over time. Constructing stratigraphic type sections via Sedlog generated digital data projections with paleocurrents, sedimentary facies, and stratal thickness. In addition to generating maps and reports suitable for undergraduate research presentation, integrating this software spiked students' enthusiasm and readiness for conducting geologic fieldwork and, ultimately to pursue higher education and training in geospatial technologies.
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