The 5′ end or alpha-S1 casein promoter has a significant role in milk protein gene expression. The understanding of the translation process of alpha-S1 casein mutants will provide us an opportunity to make the best selection in livestock providing more proteins in milk. Blood samples were taken from three hundred of Naeinian goats and sheep, and DNA extraction was done using modified salting out method. Polymerase chain reactions (PCR) were carried out using a specific primer pairs for amplification a fragment of 1133 bp from part of 5′-UTR and exon 1 of alpha s1 casein gene. The AluI and HinfI restriction enzyme treatment of all samples provided the same homozygous AA genotype in both species. Subsequently, one sample of each species was selected and cloned, and the final sequences were analyzed by BioEdit, CLC genomic, Mega4 and DNASIS MAX software. Several polymorphisms are recognized between Naeinian goat and sheep that are presented on motif sites. In this research, the interested location, including exon I and a part of 5′, was analyzed, and genetic element comparisons were done between Naeinian goat and sheep. The number and location of probable binding sites can have a crucial role as a result of antagonistic and synergistic effects on gene regulation activities.

Background Ovarian chronic inflammation has been known to incidence in the laying hen mainly via increasing laying frequency and microbial infection, especially during late stage of production period. This study was aimed to evaluate beta-2 adrenergic agonist (Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonist, BAA) Salmeterol and beta blocker (Beta Blocker, BB) Propranolol on the gene expression of the ovarian pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, inflammatory responses of immune system, ovarian functions and, hormones in the laying hens on the late stage of production period. Forty-eight White Leghorn hens aged 92 weeks were used for 4 weeks to be supplemented by Salmeterol and Propranolol. Ovulation rate and follicular growth were determined based on laying frequency and ovarian visual evaluation, respectively; the mRNA expressions of follicular beta-2 adrenergic receptor (Beta-2 Adrenergic Receptor, β2ADR), cyclooxygenases (Cyclooxygenases, COX) 1 and 2, and cytokines were measured by real-time PCR. The plasma concentration of ovarian hormones, cellular, and humoral immune responses were measured via ELISA, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (Heterophil to Lymphocyte ratio, H:L), and sheep red blood cell (Sheep Red Blood Cell, SRBC) test, respectively. Results As compared to control, both of BAA Salmeterol and BB Propranolol resulted in a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of β2ADR, cyclooxygenases, and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines (P < 0.01). A significant elevation was observed in the ovulation rate (P < 0.05), plasma estradiol content on both treated groups (P < 0.05), and the content of progesterone and was just significantly (P < 0.05) increased in Salmeterol group. H:L was reduced in BAA group (P < 0.05), and immunoglobulin (Ig) M was elevated in both treated hens, when compared to control. The results indicated that Salmeterol significantly increases body weight (P < 0.05). Conclusion The stimulation and inhibition of beta-2 adrenergic signaling could reduce ovarian inflammatory condition in addition to enhancing laying efficiency in the aged laying hens.

Ovarian chronic inflammation has been created and extended in the laying hen mainly via increasing laying frequency and microbial infection, especially during the late stage of production period. This study was aimed to evaluate glucocorticoid (GC) Fluticasone as an anti-inflammatory agent on the gene expression of the ovarian pro-and anti-inflammatory mediators (follicular cyclooxygenases COX 1, 2, and cytokines), inflammatory responses of the immune system, ovarian functions (ovulation rate and follicular growths), and hormones in the commercial-aged laying hens. White Leghorn hens aged 92-weeks were used for four weeks to be supplemented by 2 ppm Fluticasone as an optimum dose obtained in a pre-trial base on ovulation rate. As compared to control, Fluticasone resulted in a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of COX-1 and pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines, and increase in COX-2 mRNA expression and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio (P < 0.001). A significant reduction was observed in the ovulation rate, follicular size (P < 0.001), ovarian hormones, immunoglobulins, body weight, and food consummation (P ≤ 0.05) by administering GC Fluticasone. Although a relative anti-inflammatory improvement was created by Fluticasone in the ovarian condition, the administration of this glucocorticoid resulted in a considerable reduction in ovarian hormones and functions of commercial aged laying hens.

Background: Ovarian cancer known as one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies mainly in older women, has been documented to link with chronic inflammation. Objective: This study was aimed to evaluate the combined strategy of glucocorticoid (GC) Fluticasone and beta-2 adrenergic agonist (BAA) Salmeterol on the ovarian inflammatory functions of the laying hen as a model of women ovarian cancer. Methods: White Leghorn hens aged 92 weeks were used for four weeks to be supplemented by individual of GC and BAA administration and their combination at three ratios GC:BAA 1:4 (GC+BAA1), 1:2 (GC+BAA2), and 1:1 (GC+BAA3), and beta blocker (BB) Propranolol. Ovulation rate and follicular growth were determined based on laying frequency and visual evaluation, respectively, the mRNA expressions of follicular beta-2 adrenergic receptor (β2ADR), cyclooxygenases (COX) 1 and 2, and cytokines were measured by real-time PCR. The plasma concentration of ovarian hormones cellular and humoral immune responses were measured via ELISA, neutrophil (heterophil) to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and sheep red blood cell (SRBC) test, respectively. Results: As compared to control, combination groups of GC+BAA1 and 2 brought about a significant decrease in the mRNA expression of β2ADR, COX-2, and cytokines (P< 0.05). The ovulation rate was reduced in all combination ratios (P< 0.05). A significant reduction was observed in the plasma estradiol content on GC+BAA groups (P< 0.05) and the content of progesterone and androgen were statistically similar in some of these groups. Although NLR was similar in GC+BAA2 and 3, these groups had more content in the whole immunoglobulin (Ig) and IgM (P< 0.05). The results indicated that body weight and food consummation were decreased in all of the combination groups (P< 0.05). Conclusion: The GC and BAA combination may result in a significant reduction in some of the boosting factors on ovarian cancer, like ovulation intensity, pro-inflammatory mediators, and some of the ovarian steroid hormones that could define as the therapeutic approaches for the chronic inflammation-based carcinomas like ovarian cancer.