A function from the domain (x-set) to the codomain (y-set) connects each x element to precisely one y element. Since each x-point originating from the domain corresponds to two y-points on the graph of a closed curve (i.e., circle, ellipse, superellipse, or ovoid) in a rectangular (Cartesian) diagram, it does not fulfil the function’s requirements. This non-function phenomenon obstructs the nonlinear regression application for fitting observed data resembling a closed curve; thus, it requires transforming the rectangular coordinate system into a polar coordinate system. This study discusses nonlinear regression to fit the circumference of a tree stem’s cross-section and its sapwood–heartwood transition by transforming rectangular coordinates (x, y) of the observed data points’ positions into polar coordinates (r, θ). Following a polar coordinate model, circular curve fitting fits a log’s cross-sectional shape and sapwood–heartwood transition. Ellipse models result in better goodness of fit than circular ones, while the rotated ellipse is the best-fit one. Deviation from the circular shape indicates environmental effects on vascular cambium differentiation. Foresters have good choices: (1) continuing using the circular model as the simplest one or (2) changing to the rotated ellipse model because it gives the best fit to estimate a tree stem’s cross-sectional shape; therefore, it is more reliable to determine basal area, tree volume, and tree trunk biomass. Computer modelling transforms the best-fit model’s formulas of the rotated ellipse using Python scripts provided by Wolfram engine libraries.
Teacher Performance Assessment guarantees a quality learning process at all levels of education. Educational supervision will be carried out with the aim to improve the quality of teaching / teacher so that the competitiveness of students studying at the school will increase towards a better direction. Supervision assessment is a class visit technique to obtain data about the actual situation regarding the ability and skills of teachers in teaching and mastery of class. To determine the teacher's performance, one approach can be done using the Balanced Scorecard approach and Naïve Bayes classification. The determination of teacher performance is then processed using Analytic Network Process-based modeling to improve teacher evaluation criteria that are still low. With the help of Super Decision software, a decision support system was created in determining teacher performance. The results of this study are the recommendations of permanent teachers in Junior High Schools, High Schools, and Vocational Schools Yadika 12 Depok based on performance to be objective and make more efficient decisions.
All parties are aware that teacher performance is directly proportional to improving the quality of education. Not a few teachers work under predetermined work standards, conditions like this are caused by low work enthusiasm which results in decreased performance. If we observer the passion of work in the form of sine graph which one day will meet a saturation point if there are no preventive and curative efforts eithers form himself or guidance form his superior. One of the efforts taken is to impose teacher performance assessment to ensure a quality learning process at levels of education. Teacher performance appraisal needs to be carried out so that the functions and duties in the functional teacher positions and duties in the functional teacher positions are carried out by the applicable rules and code of ethics. On that basis, a decision support system was created using the Analytical Network Process method which can determine teacher performance improvement strategies, based on objective performance appraisals and make decisions that become more efficient.
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