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Composting operations are a rich source for prospection of biomass degradation enzymes. We have analyzed the microbiomes of two composting samples collected in a facility inside the São Paulo Zoo Park, in Brazil. All organic waste produced in the park is processed in this facility, at a rate of four tons/day. Total DNA was extracted and sequenced with Roche/454 technology, generating about 3 million reads per sample. To our knowledge this work is the first report of a composting whole-microbial community using high-throughput sequencing and analysis. The phylogenetic profiles of the two microbiomes analyzed are quite different, with a clear dominance of members of the Lactobacillus genus in one of them. We found a general agreement of the distribution of functional categories in the Zoo compost metagenomes compared with seven selected public metagenomes of biomass deconstruction environments, indicating the potential for different bacterial communities to provide alternative mechanisms for the same functional purposes. Our results indicate that biomass degradation in this composting process, including deconstruction of recalcitrant lignocellulose, is fully performed by bacterial enzymes, most likely by members of the Clostridiales and Actinomycetales orders.

Abstract-In this paper, we introduce and formally define a new problem, Image Phylogeny Tree (IPT): to find the structure of transformations, and their parameters, that generate a given set of near duplicate images. This problem has direct applications in security, forensics, and copyright enforcement. We devise a method for calculating an asymmetric dissimilarity matrix from a set of near duplicate images. We also describe a new algorithm to build an IPT. We also analyze our algorithm's computational complexity. Finally, we perform experiments that show nearperfect reconstructed IPT results when using an appropriate dissimilarity function.

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