Malaria in pregnancy, being often asymptomatic, is a major problem in endemic African countries. It is characterized by anemia and placental malaria leading to poor pregnancy outcomes. In 2001 Tanzania adopted an intermittent-preventive treatment of malaria in pregnancy (IPTp) policy, which recommends receiving doses of antimalarial drugs every planned visit to the antenatal care centre (ANC), starting from the second trimester. Currently the policy is valid across the whole country, regardless that there are regions with very low malaria endemicity in Tanzania, such as Dodoma region. The current study aimed to show the real prevalence of malaria among young pregnant women in Dodoma region, by measuring the prevalence of malaria among University of Dodoma (UDOM) students, and to describe the social health care features of student female community. Two methods of malaria diagnostic, microscopy, and rapid test, as well as retrospective inspection of ANC registry book, showed the very low prevalence of malaria disease among pregnant students, approximately 0.3%. Additionally, the sociodemographic data from the questionnaires showed that all students use different malaria preventive measures, and most of them have the regular sexual partner. This fact approves the correlation between illiteracy of woman and the risk of malaria infection transmission.

University campuses are potential reservoirs of infectious diseases, but they are not in the research focus. It is obvious that the use of malaria preventive tools is extremely necessary in campus conditions in endemic countries. This study is the first malaria survey, conducted in a student campus in Tanzania. This cross-sectional study uncovered a surprisingly high prevalence of malaria history among students: 89,4% of 246 random respondents assume that they had malaria in history, among whom 145 (58,9%) suffered from the disease during the last year. And although students are relatively confident about the vector, parasite, and prevention measures of the disease, only 44,7% of the students use bed nets and 4,5% use a body spray or ointment daily. The others seldom use spray or ointment or do not care about the problem at all. This situation was found to be associated with two factors, financial and educational. Current results show that students are relatively educated on malaria, but they do not follow the malaria prevention guidance. It has become clear that at least proper informational propaganda of bed net use is required in Tanzanian university campuses.

Standard-Nutzungsbedingungen:Die Dokumente auf EconStor dürfen zu eigenen wissenschaftlichen Zwecken und zum Privatgebrauch gespeichert und kopiert werden.Sie dürfen die Dokumente nicht für öffentliche oder kommerzielle Zwecke vervielfältigen, öffentlich ausstellen, öffentlich zugänglich machen, vertreiben oder anderweitig nutzen.Sofern die Verfasser die Dokumente unter Open-Content-Lizenzen (insbesondere CC-Lizenzen) zur Verfügung gestellt haben sollten, gelten abweichend von diesen Nutzungsbedingungen die in der dort genannten Lizenz gewährten Nutzungsrechte.Abstract: This paper analyses the impacts of indirect tax policy reforms on income distribution and poverty in Tanzania by applying a standard static microsimulation model TAZMOD v1.8. The simulations model two indirect tax reforms involving changes to the excise duty and valueadded tax rates on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, and changes to employers' and employees' contributions to the National Health Insurance Fund. The results of the first reform find a positive effect on government tax revenue and a neutral effect on income distribution and poverty. The results of the second reform find a positive effect on household income distribution and consumption. The findings show that, despite increasing unequal income distribution, poverty indicators fell. Acknowledgements:The authors are grateful to UNU-WIDER, the Ministry of Finance and Planning, and the Tanzania Revenue Authority. The results presented here are based on TAZMOD v1.0, which is developed, maintained, and managed by UNU-WIDER in collaboration with the EUROMOD team at ISER (University of Essex), SASPRI (Southern African Social Policy Research Insights), and local partners in selected developing countries (Ethiopia, Ghana, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zambia, Ecuador, and Viet Nam) in the scope of the SOUTHMOD project. The local partner for TAZMOD is the University of Dar es Salaam. We are indebted to the many people who have contributed to the development of SOUTHMOD and TAZMOD. The results and their interpretation presented in this publication are solely the responsibility of the authors.

This paper analyzes the impacts of indirect tax benefits policy reforms on income distribution and poverty in Tanzania by applying a standard static microsimulation model TAZMOD v1.8. The simulations model two indirect tax reforms involving changes to the excise duty and value-added tax rates on alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, and changes to employers' and employees' contributions to the National Health Insurance Fund. The results of the first reform find a positive effect on government tax revenue and a neutral effect on income distribution and poverty. The results of the second reform find a positive effect on household income distribution and consumption. The findings show that, despite increasing unequal income distribution, poverty indicators fell.

concentration of 0.312 and 0.625 mg/ml, but 1.25 and 2.5 mg/ml concentrations of both MWs could completely inhibit biofilm formation.Conclusion: These results display the potential of chitosan to be used as an effective antibacterial and antibiofilm agent for oral hygiene and health care.

Background and aim of the study: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been called one of the greatest threats of the century worldwide. Self-treatment with antibiotics impacts the most on AMR. High-income countries have been conscious of the problem for several years, while Tanzania shows the increasing trend of self-medication with antibacterial. We aimed to assess and compare knowledge and antibiotics use experience among Tanzanian medical (MD) and non-medical (non-MD) students. Methods: The current study was conducted in the largest Tanzanian university, the University of Dodoma. The study was based on questionnaire survey, which included questions regarding knowledge and experience of use of antibiotics, and socioeconomic situation of the respondent. Results: Medical students were found to be more educated about antimicrobials. Although no significant difference in antibiotics use among MD and non-MD was observed and MD had slightly higher percentage of self-treatment experience, factors associated with the self-treatment were different: educational for medical students and economic factor for non-medical. Analysis of antibiotic trends showed Ampicillin, Amoxicillin and others from Penicillin group to be the most popular among both of groups. Nevertheless, many students confused antibiotics, pain killers and antiallergic drugs. Conclusion: In general, results could have been predicted. The higher prevalence of self-treatment among early-years MD students, AMR illiteracy and common attitude to antibiotics proved again the necessity of antibiotic use guidance and control in the country.