<p>La agroindustria panelera colombiana utiliza el bagazo de caña, subproducto de la etapa de molienda, como combustible en hornos de lecho fijo para obtener la energía necesaria en el proceso de producción de panela. El horno más eficiente con que se cuenta en el momento es la cámara de combustión Ward-Cimpa; sin embargo, su diseño y construcción se realizan empíricamente, ya que no existen modelos matemáticos detallados que describan la combustión de la biomasa en estos hornos. Esto ocasiona en muchos casos diseños inadecuados que generan pérdidas por combustión incompleta de 10% y material inquemado hasta de 40%. En la presente investigación se propone un modelo matemático -que involucra expresiones cinéticas- para las etapas de secado, de desvolatilización y de oxidación de volátiles y material carbonizado, a partir de los balances de masa, energía y cantidad de movimiento, para la fase sólida y la fase gaseosa. Los parámetros cinéticos se ajustaron con datos experimentales utilizando el algoritmo de optimización estocástica: recocido simulado. El modelo ajustado describe con un error promedio de 11% la tasa de combustión, la temperatura del lecho y la concentración de CO2 y O2 en los gases de combustión, en función del flujo de aire primario y la fracción másica de humedad. No obstante, el modelo sobreestima en 50% la concentración de CO.</p>
Usually, slaughterhouse wastewater has been considered as a single substrate whose anaerobic digestion can lead to inhibition problems and low biodegradability. However, the bovine slaughter process generates different wastewater streams with particular physicochemical characteristics: slaughter wastewater (SWW), offal wastewater (OWW) and paunch wastewater (PWW). Therefore, this research aims to assess the anaerobic co-digestion (AcoD) of SWW, OWW, PWW and bovine manure (BM) through biochemical methane potential tests in order to reduce inhibition risk and increase biodegradability. A model-based methodology was developed to assess the synergistic effects considering CH4 yield and kinetics simultaneously. The AcoD of PWW and BM with OWW and SWW enhanced the extent of degradation (0.64–0.77) above both PWW (0.34) and BM (0.46) mono-digestion. SWW Mono-digestion showed inhibition risk by NH3, which was reduced by AcoD with PWW and OWW. The combination of low CH4 potential streams (PWW and BM) with high potential streams (OWW and SWW) presented stronger synergistic effects than BM-PWW and SWW-OWW mixtures. Likewise, the multicomponent mixtures performed overall better than binary mixtures. Furthermore, the methodology developed allowed to select the best mixtures, which also demonstrated energy and economic advantages compared to mono-digestions.
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