Исследование проведено при финансовой поддержке РФФИ в рамках научного проекта № 20-59-56005 «Иранские диаспоры на Северном Кавказе в контексте российско-иранского взаимодействия (вторая половина ХIХ – первая треть ХХ века)»В истории иранского населения, обосновавшегося со второй половины ХIХ в. на Северном Кавказе, все еще сохраняются малоизвестные страницы и спорные вопросы, к числу которых следует отнести и деятельность персидских вице-консульств в регионе, которым посвящена настоящая статья. Актуальность темы исследования определяется важной ролью персидских вице-консулов в процессах адаптации иранцев к экономике, законодательству и культуре «принимающих» обществ Северного Кавказа, в развитии российско-иранских отношений в целом. Кроме своих непосредственных обязанностей, они выполняли функции неформальных лидеров, от которых зависел уровень инкорпорации иранцев в экономическое, социальное и культурное пространство региона, с одной стороны, и сохранение традиционного образа жизни, этнической идентичности, с другой. В руках вице-консула были сосредоточены механизмы всех индивидуальных и коллективных адаптивных практик иранской общины. Однако, несмотря на ключевую роль вице-консулов, организация их деятельности пока не получила должного исследовательского внимания. Цель настоящей статьи – восстановить хронологию деятельности вице-консулов, систему назначения, личные характеристики и определить роль в организации диаспорной жизни на территории распространения их влияния, которая включала Владикавказ, Петровск и всю Дагестанскую область. Представленное в настоящей статье исследование основано на архивных источниках, анализ которых позволил пересмотреть дату основания вице-консульства во Владикавказе, выявить имена неизвестных вице-консулов, исправить допущенные ошибки в хронологии их деятельности, проследить динамику в регламенте назначения, оценить вклад отдельных иранских лидеров в жизнеустройство иранских общин. In the history of the Iranian population, who settled in the North Caucasus since the second half of the 19th century, there are still little-known pages and controversial issues, including the activities of Persian vice-consulates in the region, to which this article is devoted. The relevance of the research topic is determined by the important role of the Persian vice-consuls in the processes of adaptation of the Iranians to the economy, legislation and culture of the "host" societies of the North Caucasus. In addition to their direct duties, they performed the functions of informal leaders, on whom the level of incorporation of the Iranians into the economic, social and cultural space of the region, on the one hand, and the preservation of the traditional way of life, ethnic identity, on the other, depended. In the hands of the Vice-Consul, the mechanisms of all individual and collective adaptive practices of the Iranian community were concentrated. However, despite the key role of vice-consuls, the organization of their activities has not yet received due research attention. The purpose of this article is to restore the chronology of the activities of vice-consuls, the appointment system, personal characteristics and to determine the role in the organization of diaspora life in the territory of the spread of their influence, which included Vladikavkaz, Petrovsk and the entire Dagestan region. The study presented in this article is based on Russian and Iranian sources, the analysis of which made it possible to revise the date of foundation of the vice-consulate in Vladikavkaz, to identify the names of unknown vice-consuls, to correct the mistakes made in the chronology of their activities, to trace the dynamics in the appointment regulations, to assess the contribution of individual Iranian leaders to the life of Iranian communities.
In Russ.). Жу р н а л в к л ю ч е н в П е р е ч е н ь В А К
The article is devoted to the study of the phenomenon of mass migration of the Persian population to the Russian Empire in the 19th-early 20th centuries, its North Caucasian features. Iranians who migrated to Russia, at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries. constituted an important part of the entire society in the North Caucasus. They participated in the development of industry and business life, in the revolutionary movement, preserving their own community, and interacted with Russian realities. The article analyzes the stages and characteristic features of the migration of the Persian population to the North Caucasus in the 19th century. after the conclusion of international treaties between Russia and Persia (Gulistan 1813, Turkmanchay 1828, Convention on the movement of subjects of both states in 1844). Taking into account the general determinants of migration, for the first time, the existing explanations for the emergence of migrant workers from Persia to the South of the Russian Empire in the English-language literature have been investigated. The origin of labor and social migration in Iran in the 19th century, its orientation towards the Caucasus and its broad consequences are considered in connection with social factors that arose under the influence of political events in Iran, which determined the historical conjuncture. In the study of the characteristics of the Persian resettlement and long-term residence in the settlements of the North Caucasus, the starting points, routes and accommodation of Iranian migrants in the Terek region are of great importance. The Terek region got into the migration history of Iranians as a result of the migration policy of Russia, its geographical location and the peculiarities of the developing economy, which provided more favorable and sparing working conditions. about a large number of Iranians who received passports at the consulates in Urmia and Tabriz. Unlike other movements of the Iranian population in the 19th century, the migration of Persians to Russia at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries had its own differences: it was characterized by regularity, the involvement of a significant number of people of different ages and genders, and was mainly caused by economic reasons. Developing trade relations, economic decline in Persia became the reasons for the ever-increasing migration of the Persians to the Russian borders.
The authors analyze the activities of Iran's consular services in the Caucasus, their role in Russian-Caucasian diplomatic relations, in particular, in the processes of Iranian labor migrants’ adaptation to host societies. The authors aim to expand historical knowledge of Iranians’ staying in the Caucasus, to restore a complete picture of the history of migration processes in the region. There are revealed the features of Iranian-Caucasian diplomatic relations in the pre-Soviet period, the situation of migrants and their legal support, the activities of the consulates in preserving the Iranian cultural identity, internal and external problems in Iran’s consular services. There have been introduced into scientific use the documents of political and consular missions of Iran in the Caucasus for 1905-1911 stored in the Archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Islamic Republic of Iran, materials of Iranian periodicals of the period under consideration, as well as the personal files of the vice-consuls stored in the Persian Table Foundation (f. 144) of the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. They made it possible to determine the significant contribution of consular services to the development of diplomatic relations between the two countries. The conclusion is made about the greatest success of these relations in the Terek region, which is due to the favorable conditions of its developing economy for labor migrants and such subjective factors as the personal qualities of a number of vice-consuls, the level of their interaction with the Russian authorities. The activities of the vice-consuls successfully combined the promotion of the incorporation of migrants into the Russian economy and culture with the creation of conditions for the preservation of Iranian cultural identity.
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