We consider the multiple travelling salesman Problem (MTSP) that is one of the generalization of the travelling salesman problem (TSP). For solving this problem genetic algorithms (GAs) based on numerous crossover operators have been described in the literature. Choosing effective crossover operator can give effective GA. Generally, the crossover operators that are developed for the TSP are applied to the MTSP. We propose to develop simple and effective GAs using sequential constructive crossover (SCX), adaptive SCX, greedy SCX, reverse greedy SCX and comprehensive SCX for solving the MTSP. The effectiveness of the crossover operators is demonstrated by comparing among them and with another crossover operator on some instances from TSPLIB of various sizes with different number of salesmen. The experimental study shows the promising results by the crossover operators, especially CSCX, for the MTSP.

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In this paper, we investigate the outage probability, channel capacity and symbol error rate (SER) performance of device-to-device (D2D) communication systems. The D2D communication system is affected by several co-channel interferers. Gamma fading channel is considered for the D2D communication system. The channel for the co-channel interference is assumed to be Nakagami faded. An expression for the probability density function (PDF) of the signal-to-interference ratio (SIR) is presented. The PDF is a function of distances between various devices in the D2D system, path-loss, channel fading conditions and signal powers. Based on the PDF expression, we present the expressions for the outage, channel capacity and SER. With the help of numerical results the performance of D2D communication system is discussed under various conditions of interference, path-loss and channel fading.

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Purpose of the study: Language, culture, and gender affect the ways one refuses an offer, suggestion, request, or invitation. Moreover, what we say and how we say may change the contextual meaning. Therefore, a study was conducted to examine the use of speech acts of refusal by the Khowar language speakers to know whether there is any gender difference. Methodology: The undergraduate level students, aging between 15 and 25, participated in the study. An open-ended questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire contained four hypothetical situations and each situation required the use of speech acts of refusal by the participants. A refusal classification format devised by Beebe (1990) was used to analyse the data. Main Findings: The findings showed that both males and females used almost similar refusal strategies in all four situations. Direct and indirect refusal speech acts with pre-and post-refusal strategies were used in nearly the same quantity. The study also revealed that language, culture, and social status did not play an important role in realising refusal strategies. Application of the study: The study will help linguists, language teachers, and anthropologists to understand the nature of male and female Khowar language speakers. It will also add valuable literature on the use of language and gender differences. The originality of the study: The study is significant being the first of its kind that addressed the gender difference and language use in Khowar language speakers. The study is also vital as it will preserve a minor language spoken in one of the remotest areas of Pakistan.

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Abstract-Arabic language is very different and difficult structure than other languages, that's because it is a very rich language with complex morphology. Many stemmers have been developed for Arabic language but still there are many weakness and problems. There is still lack of usage of Arabic stemming in search engines. This paper introduces a rooted word Arabic stemmer technique. The results of the introduced technique for six Arabic sentences are used in famous search engines Google Chrome, Internet Explore and Mozilla Firefox to check the effect of using Arabic stemming in these search engines in terms of the total number of searched pages and the search time ratio for actual sentences and their stemming results. The results show that Arabic words stemming increase and accelerate the search engines output.

In this paper, two cases of Device-to-Device (D2D) communication over a recently introduced extended η-μ fading channel are analyzed. Case A considers a direct D2D communication. While in case B, amplify-and-forward relay-assisted D2D communication is discussed. The effects of cochannel interference at the relay and D2D destination are also included. To combat fading, selection combining- and maximal ratio combining-based diversity schemes are also incorporated at the receiver. Power harvesting based on power splitting technique is also engulfed. Expressions of success and outage probabilities are derived with the help of characteristic function approach. Success and outage probability expressions are functions of path loss, distance between various devices and channel parameters. Based on these expressions, numerical results are presented and discussed.