Background and Objectives: A novel carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) laser device employing ablative fractional resurfacing was tested on human skin in vivo for the first time. Study Design/Materials and Methods: An investigational 30 W, 10.6 mm CO 2 laser system was focused to a 1/e 2 spot size of 120 mm to generate an array of microscopic treatment zones (MTZ) in human forearm skin. A range of pulse energies between 5 and 40 mJ was tested and lesion dimensions were assessed histologically using hematoxylin & eosin. Wound healing of the MTZ's was assessed immediately-, 2-day, 7-day, 1-month, and 3-month post treatment. The role of heat shock proteins was examined by immunohistochemistry. Results: The investigational CO 2 laser system created a microscopic pattern of ablative and thermal injury in human skin. The epidermis and part of the dermis demonstrated columns of thermal coagulation that surrounded tapering ablative zones lined by a thin eschar layer. Changing the pulse energy from 5 to 30 mJ resulted in a greater than threefold increase in lesion depth and twofold increase in width. Expression of heat shock protein (hsp)72 was detected as early as 2 days post-treatment and diminished significantly by 3 months. In contrast, increased expression of hsp47 was first detected at 7 days and persisted at 3 months post-treatment. Conclusion: The thermal effects of a novel investigational ablative CO 2 laser system utilizing fractional resurfacing were characterized in human forearm skin. We confirmed our previous ex vivo findings and show for the first time invivo, that a controlled array of microscopic treatment zones of ablation and coagulation could be deposited in human skin by varying treatment pulse energy. Immunohistochemical studies of heat shock proteins revealed a persistent collagen remodeling response lasting at least 3 months. We successfully demonstrated the first in-vivo use of ablative fractional resurfacing (AFR TM ) treatment on human skin.

Background and Objective Due to the significant risk profile associated with traditional ablative resurfacing, a safer and less invasive treatment approach known as fractional deep dermal ablation (FDDA™) was recently developed. We report the results of the first clinical investigation of this modality for treatment of photodamaged skin. Study Design/Materials and Methods Twenty‐four subjects received treatments on the inner forearm with a prototype fractional CO2 laser device (Reliant Technologies Inc., Mountain View, CA) at settings of 5–40 mJ/MTZ and 400 MTZ/cm2. Clinical and histological effects were assessed by study investigators 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months following treatment. Thirty subjects were then enrolled in a multi‐center study for treatment of photodamage using the same device. Subjects received 1–2 treatments on the face and neck, with energies ranging from 10 to 40 mJ/MTZ and densities ranging from 400 to 1,200 MTZ/cm2. Study investigators assessed severity of post‐treatment responses during follow‐up visits 48 hours, 1 week, 1 month, and 3 months following treatment. Using a standard quartile improvement scale (0–4), subjects and investigators assessed improvement in rhytides, pigmentation, texture, laxity and overall appearance 1 and 3 months post‐treatment. Results Clinical and histologic results demonstrated that fractional delivery of a 10,600 nm CO2 laser source offers an improved safety profile with respect to traditional ablative resurfacing, while still effectively resurfacing epidermal and dermal tissue. Forearm and facial treatments were well‐tolerated with no serious adverse events observed. Eighty‐three percent of subjects exhibited moderate or better overall improvement (50–100%), according to study investigator quartile scoring. Conclusions FDDA™ treatment is a safe and promising new approach for resurfacing of epidermal and deep dermal tissue targets. Lasers Surg. Med. 41:78–86, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Background and Objectives:We examined the effects of pulse energy variations on the dimensions of microscopic thermal injury zones (MTZs) created on human skin ex vivo and in vivo using nonablative fractional resurfacing. Materials and Methods: A Fraxel 1 SR laser system emitting at 1,550 nm provided an array of microscopic spots at variable densities. Pulse energies ranging from 4.5 to 40 mJ were tested on human abdominal skin ex vivo and in vivo. Tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) or nitro blue tetrazolium chloride (NBTC) and MTZ dimensions were determined. Ex vivo and in vivo results were compared. Dosimetry analyses were made for the surface treatment coverage calculation as a function of pulse energy and collagen coagulation based on H&E stain or cell necrotic zone based on NBTC stain. Results: Each MTZ was identified by histological detection of a distinct region of loss of tissue birefringence and hyalinization, representing collagen denaturation and cell necrosis within the irradiated field immediately, 1, 3, and 7 days after treatment. At high pulse energies, the MTZ depth could exceed 1 mm and width approached 200 mm as assessed by H&E. NBTC staining revealed viable interlesional tissue. In general, no statistically significant difference was found between in vivo and ex vivo depth and width measurements. Conclusions: The Fraxel 1 SR laser system delivers pulses across a wide range of density and energy levels. We determined that increases in pulse energy led to increases in MTZ depth and width without compromising the structure or viability of interlesional tissue. Lasers Surg.

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Fractional resurfacing is a potentially effective modality for the treatment of hypopigmented scarring on the face. No adverse effects were observed.

Background: Diet diversity of pregnant women is associated with nutrition sufficiency, micronutrient adequacy, and pregnancy outcomes. However, the sociodemographic determinants of diet diversity among pregnant women in low-income countries are not well studied. Objective: The analysis was undertaken to study the determinants of high dietary diversity and consumption of micronutrient-rich foods by pregnant women from rural Bangladesh. Methods: Pregnant women (508) were randomly selected from southwestern Bangladesh and interviewed to collect data about diet and sociodemographic characteristics. A 24-hour recall was used to collect information about diet. Diet diversity score was calculated for 9 major food groups. All analyses were conducted using STATA SE 12. Result: The overall mean diet diversity score was low at 4.28 and was significantly high among pregnant women who have higher educational achievement, whose husbands' occupation was business, who live in households of 4 or more family members, and who were dwelling in a house with more than 1 room. Highest gap on knowledge and consumption was reported for 3 food groups including dairy foods, eggs, and dark green leafy vegetables. Consumption of dairy and eggs was lower among women from low socioeconomic status, but no significant association was found between sociodemographic characteristics and consumption of leafy vegetables. Conclusion: Our analysis has shown that diet quality of pregnant women was poor and intake of micronutrient-rich foods was low despite having knowledge about the importance of these foods, underscoring the need for promoting the diet quality in developing countries through behavior change communication programs.

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