<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> The objective of the study was to determine the incidence of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Makhmur District (Erbil Province).</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A cross-sectional, observational, descriptive study was performed in the outpatient clinic of Makhmur General Health Center. All the patients who presented at the dermatology clinic during the period from January 2015 to January 2017 were included in the study. The provisional diagnosis was dependent mainly on clinical examination in addition to Giemsa stain.<strong></strong></p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> A total of 1264 cutaneous leishmaniasis cases were diagnosed during the study period with males representing 54.6% of the cases. The study participants ranged from 10 months to 61 years. Age group <15 years were 53.5%. Clinically, 49.3% of patients had one lesion, 51.5% of patients had wet type. Most lesions were found on both limbs (48.8%). The highest number of cases was recorded during February (29.1%) and November (21.8%), while the lowest rate of cases was recorded in July (0.2%). According to stain results, 70.6% of the cases were positive to giemsa stain.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> CL is endemic in Makhmur district. Males were infected in higher percent than females and this may be due to cultural, occupational and social factors.</p>
Objective: The asymptomatic colonization of the urinary tract in pregnant women may result in severe medical and obstetric complications. The aim of this study was to study the prevalence of asymptomatic bacteriuria in cases of elevated levels of the anticardiolipin antibody in women who experience spontaneous abortions. Materials and Methods:A total of 12 women were enrolled in this case control study, including 60 patients with a history of three or more abortions and 60 healthy pregnant women. All participants were screened for ACL (IgG) and with a urine culture. Results:Overall, 19 (31.7%) patients and seven (11.7%) healthy pregnant women were positive for ACL. The mean concentrations were 67.1±27.2 IU/mL in the patients and 17.41±6.12 IU/mL in the healthy controls (p≤0.05). In the 60 patients, only 17 (28.3%) had significant bacteriuria, whereas 5 (8.3%) women in the control group had significant bacteriuria. The statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference. Of the 19 patients with a positive elevation of ACL, 11 (57.9%) had significant bacteriuria, and eight (42.1%) had non-significant bacteriuria. Six patients had ACL-negative results associated with significant bacteriuria. The statistical analysis revealed a highly significant difference. Conclusion:A high serum anticardiolipin level was prevalent in women who experienced recurrent abortions associated with asymptomatic bacteriuria.Key Words: Abortion, Anticardiolipin, Asymptomatic bacteriuria Özet Amaç: Gebe kadınlarda idrar yolu asemptomatik kolonizasyonu ciddi tıbbi ve obstetrik komplikasyonlara neden olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı kendiliğinden düşük yapan kadınlarda antikardiyolipin antikor düzeylerinin artması durumunda asemptomatik bakteriüri prevalansını araştırmaktır. Gereç ve Yöntem:Bu vaka kontrollü çalışmaya 12 kadın dahil edildi. Geçmiş düşükleri üç ve daha fazla olan 60 ve sağlıklı 60 gebe çalış-maya dahil edildi. Tüm ACL (IgG) ve idrar kültürü açısından tarandı. Bulgular:Tüm hastaların 19'unda (%31.7) ve yedi (%11.7) sağlıklı gebede ACL pozitifti. Ortalama konsantrasyonlar hastalarda 67.1±27.2 IU/mL, sağlıklı kontrollerde 17.41±6.12 IU/mL olarak tespit edildi. 60 hastadan sadece 17 hastada (%28.3) anlamlı bakteriüri varken sağlıklı kontrollerde 5 kişi (%8.3) anlamlı bakteriüri bulunmaktaydı. İstatistik-sel analiz ile oldukça anlamlı fark olduğunu saptanmıştır. 19 hastanın 11'inde (%57.9) ACL'nin pozitif bir elevasyonu varken sekiz hastada (%42.1) anlamlı olmayan bakteriüri olduğu tespit edildi. Altı hastada ACL negatif sonuç ile ilişkili anlamlı bakteriüri mevcuttu.Sonuç: Asemptomatik bakteriüri ile ilişkili tekrarlayan düşüklü kadın-larda yüksek serum antikardiyolipin düzeyi yaygın idi.
Enviroxime is an antiviral compound that inhibits the replication of polio and rubella virus. The antiviral activity of this compound was tested in two cell lines (L2OB and RD for poliovirus and HeLa and WISH for Rubellavirus). At a concentration of 32µg/ml or less, the compound is relatively non-toxic to cell lines but has significant antiviral effect. We found the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.06 µg/ml for polio, and 0.125 µg/ml for rubella virus. The therapeutic index (TI) defined as the ratio of the minimal dose of the drug that is toxic to the cells to the dose which inhibit the viral multiplication, is used to evaluate the drug activity. If this index is more than one, the margin of safety for the drug is large. In this study the TI of enviroxime against poliovirus was 54 while it was 14 against Rubella virus. Hence we speculate that this compound if used as an antiviral agent in humans, would have minimal or no side effect.
Background: Accumulating body of evidence suggests a role for the complement system in the etiology of abortion. Objectives: To evaluate levels of complements (C3, C4) in cases of abortion with or without circulating antiphospholipid (APL) and anticardiolipin (ACL) autoantibodies. Patients and Methods: A total of 103 women were enrolled in this case controlled study including 73 patients with a history of three or more abortion and 30 healthy parous women. For all, ACL, APL, C3, C4 levels were estimated. Results: The means and ranges of circulating complements (C3, C4) were as follows [C3 level: (90 ± 9; 39-115 mg/dl versus 109±16;95-138 mg/dl) in patients and controls respectively; C4 level: (18±10; 11-25 mg/dl; versus 36±7; 23-39 mg/dl) in patients and controls respectively]. The differences in the means between patients and controls were highly significant (p ≤ 0.01). In the patients' group, according to the mean, the range of C4, C3 and the elevation of both ACL and APL, three subgroups (A, B, C) were recognizable. Group A included 21 aborting women with high levels of ACL and APL. Their complement levels (mean ± S.D; range) were as follows:[C3: (59.7±11.6; 39-65 mg/dl); C4: (14.7±5.2; 11-16 mg/dl)]. Group B included 34 aborting women with normal levels of ACL & APL. Their complement levels (mean ± S.D, range) were as follows: [C3: (88.6±19.3; 59-90 mg/dl ) and C4:(18.4±7.3; 15-21 mg/dl)]. Group C included 18 aborting women with normal levels of AC & APL and their complement levels (mean ± S.D; range) were as follows:[C3: (102.7± 15.1; 90-115 mg/dl) and C4: (21.4 ± 5.8; 17-25 mg/dl)]. The differences between the means of C3 in these subgroups were highly significant (p < 0.01), while the differences between the means of C4 between B and C were not significant. Conclusion: Low C3 & C4 levels were detected in recurrent aborting women with or without autoantibodies (APL & ACL). These data may suggest a role for these complements in the pathogenesis of recurrent pregnancy loss.
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