Objective:We attempted toassess the prevalence of malocclusion, in terms of age and gender in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. We also attempted to identify the predominant risk factors for malocclusion and consequences of the same. Methods:A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients were questioned on heredity, childhood adverse oral habits and feeding habits. Questions pertaining to dental history and current oral health were also asked. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results:Malocclusion was more prevalent in males and below 20 years of age. Tongue thrusting increased the risk of malocclusion by 59%, bottle feeding by 18%, while heredity increased malocclusion risk by 98%. Malocclusion increased the chances of developing dental caries or periodontal disease by 26%, while the risk of dental or facial trauma was increased by 86%. Conclusion: Heredity and tongue thrust habit are the most significant risk factors for malocclusion. Patients with malocclusion are at high risk of developing dental or facial trauma, and are at slight risk of developing caries or periodontal problems.

Background:Cosmetic dentistry, also known as enameloplasty, is what odontoplasty refers to. This cosmetic dentistry treatment that strives to enhance the function of human teeth also includes contouring and reshaping of the teeth. Enhancing the look of a persons teeth by modifying their size, length, or even shape is a popular cosmetic procedure nowadays. This research aimed to assess and understand the issues and complications that are reported to have been faced by many people who have gone through the procedure of odontoplasty. Methods:A cross-sectional study was used to understand the prevalence of complications after odontoplasty. The philosophy of positivism is appropriate for this research as it helped in the descriptive assessment of the quantitative data gathered. An inductive research approach would be implemented because this approach relies on building up new theories and developing perceptions from existing theories. This is the need of this research work, and therefore an approach of inductive nature would be the best fit.The sampling method that was implemented is stratified random sampling, which would help consider those individuals in the UK going through the odontoplasty procedure. The sample age group is within the range of 25-40 years. Results:Study included 562 participants in which all of them responded to study survey questions. The most frequent complication was weak tooth (n= 268, 47.7%). More than third of study participants didnt support the changing of natural appearance of the tooth (n= 216, 38.4%). However, 63% would like to further changing the existing shape and size of their teeth (n= 354). On the other hand, 241 participants believed that odontoplasty is a necessity (42.9%). The same percentage almost recommended others to undergo odontoplasty (n= 239, 42.5%). 312 participants felt moderate pain (55.5%) is more than half of study participants. The most frequent reason why participants underwent odontolplasty was bad shape of teeth (n= 259, 46.1%). Conclusion:The most prevalent consequence was weak teeth. More over a third of survey participants opposed altering the tooths natural look, according to the study findings. However, more than half of individuals would desire to modify their present tooth form and size. Some participants, however, thought that odontoplasty is necessary. Over fifty percent of subjects reported moderate discomfort. About half of them claimed that it would endure for extended period of time.

Objectives: To assess the prevalence and awareness of dental problems during pregnancy, and to ascertain the risk factors that lead to dental problems in pregnancy. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire study was conducted. Patients who were currently pregnant or had been pregnant were selected, and questioned on the frequency and type of dental problems during pregnancy, treatment availed and systemic problems. Recorded data was analysed using SPSS version 17. Results: A total of 64.5% of patients experienced dental problems during pregnancy. Dental caries was the most frequent problem (50.7%), followed by gingivitis (48.4%). Only 14% of patients availed dental treatment. Presence of systemic diseases and low oral hygiene scores were associated with significantly higher incidence of dental problems. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that several pregnant women experience dental problems during pregnancy, however, many perceive that they have normal to good oral hygiene. Low oral hygiene status and systemic problems were more significantly associated with dental problems during pregnancy.

Introduction: The apical periodontitis possesses an association with the increased inflammatory markers levels, which contribute to the systematic immune response, leading towards systematic inflammation. The endodontic infections were reported to contribute to the CVD via the metastatic pathways however, there is a requirement to analyse the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Aim:This research aims to assess the impact of endodontic infections on the pathogenesis of the cardiovascular disease. Material andMethod:This research was conducted using a cross-sectional research design by recruiting N=120 inpatients and outpatients visiting the healthcare organisation located in Saudi Arabia. Results:The endodontic infections are likely to increase the overall inflammatory burden, which might increase the risk of CVD among the individuals. Due to the multifactorial aetiology of CVD, the oral diseases are perceived to possess associated with the CVD. Thestatistical analysis revealed that there is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases. Conclusion:There is no association between the presence of the lesion of endodontic origin and cardiovascular diseases.

Statement of problem: Prosthodontics has received significant attention both in research and practice. However, limited research examines its prevalence and how effective it is. Purpose: The purpose of this clinical study is to examine the prevalence of prosthodontics and its associated complications Material and methods: A sample of 1005 individuals derived from the general Saudi Arabia was used in this study. Data was collected using a questionnaire. The data collected was analyzed using SPSS. Results: There is a generally low prevalence of prosthodontics in Saudi Arabia. The common type of prosthodontics used is the fixed prosthodontics. Majority of those who have done prosthodontics didnt suffer any associated complications. However, for those who depicted complications, the common one was caries. Other complications include root fracture and porcelain veneer fracture. Conclusion: Prosthodontics is not widely used. On the other hand, it is not 100% effective in treating oral health problems. Clinical implications: There is need to develop better ways of dealing with poor oral health and patients need to be examined well to determine the underlying risk factors before prosthodontics is carried out.

Background: Hypoesthesia occurs as a result of injuries resulting in injury to the nerve fibres.The causes of injury include direct harm from the needle injections, around the nerve fibres, mechanical injuries resulting in an indirect pressure into the mandibular canal, during the dental surgical procures, as well as the toxicity of the local anaesthetic agents. Methods: This cross-sectional research was conducted by recruiting N=79 adult individuals (>18 years), who had visited the district hospital for acquiring clinical assistance and treatment of facial muscles or nerve-related complications in August 2020. Data collection for this research was carried out by using a specially designed questionnaire, which facilitated in acquiring data related to aetiology of trauma, identification of the hypoesthesia area, as well as the clinical complications experienced by the respondents. The clinical reports of the patients were also collected for analysing the hypoesthesia area. SPSS was utilised for data analysis, and statistical tests were conducted for assessing the risk factors for hypoesthesia after repair of facial fractures. Results: The statistical tests revealed that only a small percentage of the sample population, i.e., (N=9) or 11.8% experienced the facial bone fracture, male respondents had more exposure to the facial bone fractures, as compared to the females (Mean=1.81, SD= 0.397), and the individuals below 25 years of age had high exposure of facial bone fracture(Mean=1.78,SD= 0.428). A significant majority of hypoesthesia cases were at mandible, and orbit region. Conclusion: The dental treatment resulting in nerve manipulation results in nerve elongation, nerve compression, contributing to transient hypoesthesia. Hypoesthesia might also lead to other clinical complications.

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