Bufavirus is a recently recognized member of the genus Protoparvovirus in the subfamily Parvovirinae. It has been reported that human bufavirus was detected predominantly in patients with diarrhoea in several countries. However, little is known about bufavirus or its close relatives in nonhuman mammals. In this study, we performed nested-PCR screening and identified bufavirus from 12 megabats of Pteropus spp. in Indonesia. Furthermore, we determined nearly the full genome sequence of a novel megabat-borne bufavirus, tentatively named megabat bufavirus 1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that megabat bufavirus 1 clustered with known protoparvoviruses, including human bufavirus but represented a distinct lineage of bufavirus. Our analyses also inferred phylogenetic relationships among animal-borne bufaviruses recently reported by other studies. Recombination analyses suggested that the most common recent ancestor of megabat bufavirus 1 might have arisen from multiple genetic recombination events. These results characterized megabat bufavirus 1 as the first protoparvovirus discovered from megabats and indicates the high genetic divergence of bufavirus.

Bats are an important natural reservoir of zoonotic viral pathogens. We previously isolated an alphaherpesvirus in fruit bats in Indonesia, and here establish the presence of viruses belonging to other taxa of the family Herpesviridae. We screened the same fruit bat population with pan-herpesvirus PCR and discovered 68 sequences of novel gammaherpesvirus, designated 'megabat gammaherpesvirus' (MgGHV). A phylogenetic analysis of approximately 3.4 kbp of continuous MgGHV sequences encompassing the glycoprotein B gene and DNA polymerase gene revealed that the MgGHV sequences are distinct from those of other reported gammaherpesviruses. Further analysis suggested the existence of co-infections of herpesviruses in Indonesian fruit bats. Our findings extend our understanding of the infectious cycles of herpesviruses in bats in Indonesia and the phylogenetic diversity of the gammaherpesviruses.

Trichopodus pectoralis is a type of freshwater fish member of the gourami family found in Lake Tempe. This fish can be found in the central part of Lake Tempe, known as the Pacok Balanda area. In the fisheries sector, pollution can occur in aquatic organisms due to heavy metals that pollute the waters. Meat is one part of fish that cannot be separated from the influence of heavy metal pollution, which will cause toxic effects if present in the body of a living creature and exceeds its threshold. This study aimed to determine the lead (Pb) heavy metal deposits in snakeskin gourami fish meat (T. pectoralis) in Lake Tempe. The research used nine T. pectoralis fish with a body length of 12 to 18.3 cm with an average of 15.32±1.75 cm and a bodyweight of 28 to 82 g with an average of 54.55±18.02 g. Measurement of Pb levels in fish meat used the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer test method. The results showed the presence of Pb deposits in T. pectoralis fish meat at Lake Tempe with levels ranging from 0.55 to 14.45 mg/kg. This study showed that Pb content in T. pectoralis fish meat in Lake Tempe was above the standard limit of metal contamination

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak bawang putih terhadap jumlah rata-rata eritrosit mencit yang diinfeksi Trypanosoma evansi. Isolat T. evansi yang digunakan berasal dari kasus surra di Buntok, Kalimantan Selatan tahun 2019 dan ekstraksi bawang putih dilakukan dengan metode maserasi. Sampel yang digunakan sebanyak 30 ekor mencit jantan strain Deutch Democratic Yokohama, bobot badan 25-30 gram per ekor, dikelompokan menjadi 6 dan masing –masing terdiri dari 5 ekor, 4 kelompok diantaranya diinfeksi T. evansi secara intra-peritoneal. Hasil perhitungan jumlah rata – rata eritrosit pada kelompok mencit tanpa perlakuan (K0) adalah 8.92±0.41 x106/?l pada awal penelitian dan 8.31±0.63 x106/?l pada akhir penelitian. Kelompok mencit yang diinfeksi T. evansi tanpa perlakuan pengobatan (K1), sebelum diinfeksi, jumlah rata-rata eritrosit darahnya 8.20±1.01 x106/?l dan 6.35±3.91 x106/?l setelah diinfeksi. Jumlah rata-rata eritrosit pada kelompok mencit yang diinfeksi Trypanosoma evansi dan diberikan trypanosidal (K2) sebelum diinfeksi adalah 8.44±1.27 x106/?l dan 7.02±2.78 x106/?l setelah diinfeksi. Kelompok perlakuan yang diberikan ekstrak bawang putih, dosis 50 mg/kg BB (K3), 100 mg/kg BB (K4), 200 mg/kg BB (K5), sebelum diinfeksi T. evansi, jumlah rata – rata eritrosit darahnya 7.92±0.54 x106/?l, 7.88±0.09 x106/?l, 8.41±0.93 x106/?l dan 7.34±4.35 x106/?l, 5.85±1.53 x106/?l, 6.79±1.18 x106/?l setelah diinfeksi. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan secara signifikan pemberian ekstrak bawang putih pada kelompok mencit yang diinfeksikan dengan T. evansi terhadap jumlah rata – rata eritrosit. Maka dari itu perlu dilakukan kajian dan penelitian lanjutan terhadap parameter lain berupa pengukuran morfometrik sel dan perhitungan jumlah sel lainnya seperti leukosit dan trombosit.