Avocado plant (Persea americana Mill.), belongs to Lauraceae family which have medicinal properties. Avocado peel contains flavonoid compounds that can be used to protect and reduce the skin damage against UV rays. This study aimed to determine the total flavonoids content of the ethanol extract of the avocado peel using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The ethanol extract of avocado peel was obtained by maceration with ethanol. The qualitative analysis used FeCl3 by forming green complex. The determination of total flavonoids content is conducted based on AlCl3 method with total flavonoids expressed in QE (Quercetin equivalent) at the maximum wavelength of 435 nm. The result showed that the average content of flavonoid total is 4.0122 mgQE/g extract.

Plant-derived compounds are regarded as a substantial source for novel lead structures to develop medicines and biocides natural products. Concurrent with greater awareness towards the use of synthetic chemicals in agricultural practice, the application of integrated pest management programs has also increased. In recent years, there has been considerable public pressure to reduce the use of synthetic fungicides in agriculture. Although, the use of synthetic fungicides in plant disease control has been successful in improving agricultural output, several of these have been found to exhibit sideeffects in the form of carcinogenicity, detrimental effects and other residual toxicities. The alternative choice therefore would be the use of botanical fungicides, which are found to be largely nonphytotoxic, systematic and easily biodegradable in nature. The present study is a summary of review literature during past decades which focused on bioactive compounds isolated from plants against plant pathogenic fungi.

Coral reef ecosystems provide many ecological, economic, and social benefits. Despite their numerous functions, coral reefs are in a vulnerable state due to the effects of human activities. The condition of coral reefs has decreased in many parts of the world. Therefore, coral reef examinations need to be carried out continuously in order to formulate management strategies that can reduce their vulnerability over time. This study aims to analyze the vulnerability index of coral reefs, the sensitivity of coral reefs to the causes of vulnerability, and the adaptive capacity to anticipate vulnerability. The primary data are the perceptions of respondents’ who filled out a prepared questionnaire which included eight dimensions: information on the environmental conditions, fishing ports, fishing areas, coastline settlements, tourism management, tourism attractions, socio-economic conditions and population, and aquaculture. The data were analyzed using multidimensional scaling (MDS). The results of the analysis revealed that fishing ports, fishing areas, and environmental condition are high vulnerability indexes which cause damage to coral reefs. The highest coral reef vulnerability sensitivity was found to be triggered by the distance from fishing areas and the distance from fishing vessel channels. An inverse relationship between vulnerability and adaptive capacity was shown. Hence distance from fishing areas and distance from fishing vessel channels are the attributes that have low adaptive capacity.

This study aims to determine the effect of customer trust and company image on customer satisfaction and customer loyalty at the Indonesian Classification Bureau. The population in this study were customers of PT BKI with a total of 95 respondents. The method of data collection is done by giving a list of questions or questionnaires to respondents who are customers at PT BKI, where the questionnaire is distributed to these customers. This study uses a data analysis tool that is partial Least Square (PLS), then this study uses the analysis method of structural equation models or Path Analysis to determine the causal relationship between latent variables contained in structural equations. The tool used in data processing using the Smart PLS program. The results of this study indicate that 1) customer trust has a significant effect on customer satisfaction, 2) company image has a significant effect on customer satisfaction, 3) customer trust has a significant effect on customer loyalty, 4) company image has a significant effect on customer loyalty, 5) customer satisfaction has an significant effect to customer loyalty. Keywords: Customer Trust, Company Image, Customer Satisfaction, Customer Loyalty

Agriculture sector is still dominan in Product Domestic Regional Bruto (PDRB) at South East Sulawesi Province. Shift share Analysis is one of analysis tools that can be used to analyze shift and share of overall of sectors of PDRB. The research was conduted to identify shifting overall sectors of PDRB of South East Sulawesi with shift-share analysis. The research used GDP of Indonesia, PDRB of South East Sulawesi and PDRB of cities/regenceis in South East Sulawesi 2003 and 2013 year base on constant price at year 2000. The result of research showed that application of shift share analysis can give overview about agriculture transformation in South East Sulawesi. Developing agricultural sector in South East Sulawesi depends on national development. The growth of agricultural sector in South East Sulawesi is classified as slow, and have Net Shift (NS) around IDR 144.868,720 million. Agricultural sector also has competitive advantage, specialization and also allocation effect. Shift share analysis also showed that agricultural sector has strong linkage with other sectors and has positif influence with other sectors to push regional output. This analysis needs to be applicated at micro levels to get agricultural commodities transformation that has competitive advantage and specialized to develop for increasing regional output in South East Sulawesi.