Due to the finite-size effects, the localization of the phase transition in finite systems and the determination of its order, become an extremely difficult task, even in the simplest known cases. In order to identify and locate the finite-volume transition point T 0 (V ) of the QCD deconfinement phase transition to a colorless QGP, we have developed a new approach using the finite-size cumulant expansion of the order parameter and the L mn -method. The first six cumulants C 1,2,3,4,5,6 with the corresponding under-normalized ratios (skewness , kurtosis κ, pentosis Π ± , and hexosis H 1,2,3 ) and three unnormalized combinations of them, (O = σ 2 κ −1 , U = σ −2 −1 , N = σ 2 κ) are calculated and studied as functions of (T, V ). A new approach, unifying in a clear and consistent way the definitions of cumulant ratios, is proposed. A numerical FSS analysis of the obtained results has allowed us to locate accurately the finite-volume transition point. The extracted transition temperature value T 0 (V ) agrees with that expected T N 0 (V ) from the order parameter and the thermal susceptibility χ T (T, V ), according to the standard procedure of localization to within about 2 %. In addition to this, a very good correlation factor is obtained proving the validity of our cumulants method. The agreement of our results with those obtained by means of other models is remarkable.
The color confinement in Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) remains an interesting and intriguing phenomenon. It is considered as a very important nonperturbative effect to be taken into account in all models intended to describe the QCD many-parton system. During the deconfinement phase transition, the non-Abelian character of the partonic plasma manifests itself in an important manner. A direct consequence of color confinement is that all states of any partonic system must be colorless and the requirement of the colorlessness condition is more than necessary. Indeed, the colorless state is a result of the multiparton interactions, from which collective phenomena can emerge, inducing strong correlations and giving rise to a long-range order of liquid-like phase, a behavior fundamentally different from that of a conformal ideal gas. Within our Colorless QCD MIT-Bag Model and using the [Formula: see text]-method, three Thermal Response Functions, related to the Equation of State, like pressure [Formula: see text], sound velocity [Formula: see text] and energy density [Formula: see text] are calculated and studied as functions of temperature [Formula: see text] and volume [Formula: see text]. Also and in the same context, two relevant correlation forms [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are calculated and studied intensively as functions of [Formula: see text] at different volumes. A detailed comparative study between our results and those obtained from lattice QCD simulation, hot QCD and other phenomenological models is carried out. We find that the Liquid Partonic Plasma Model is the model which fits our Equation of State very well, in which the Bag constant term is revealed very important. Our Colorless Partonic Plasma, just beyond the finite volume transition point, is found in a state where the different partons interact strongly showing a liquid behavior in agreement with the estimate of the plasma parameter [Formula: see text] and supporting the result obtained from the fitting work. This allows us to understand experimental observations in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collisions and to interpret lattice QCD results.
Indoor radon concentration levels in a large number of dwellings in Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah Province have been measured. Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah is in the western region of Saudi Arabia. It is the second holiest city in Islam after Mecca, because it is the burial place of the Islamic Prophet Muhammad. The city was divided into four regions: western (contains nine sites), eastern (contains six sites), northern (contains nine sites) and southern (contains five sites). Radon gas concentration was measured using the closed chamber technique employing 2×2 cm(2) sheets of CR-39 solid-state nuclear track detectors. The detectors were kept for a period of 5 to 6 months from September 2010 to February 2011 in order to expose to radon gas. The results of the survey in the western and eastern sites showed that the overall minimum, maximum and average radon concentration levels were 20±1.6, 27±3.2 and 21±2.5 Bq m(-3), respectively. The lowest average radon concentration (20±1.6 Bq m(-3)) was found in Al Anabes and Al Suqya in the western region and Bani Dhafar in the eastern region, while the highest average concentration (27±3.2 Bq m(-3)) was found in Teeyba in the western region and Al 'Aridh in the eastern region, with an average of 21±2.5 Bq m(-3) in the western and eastern sites of Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. Also in the northern region, the minimum radon concentration was 20±1.6 Bq m(-3) in Oyun, while the maximum was 42±1.6 Bq m(-3) in Sayyed al Shuhadd and Hai Nasr. In the southern region, the minimum radon concentration was 25±2.6 Bq m(-3) at Hai Al Hejrah, while the maximum value was 37±2.6 Bq m(-3) at Al Awali and Dawadia. The average radon concentration was 26±2.5 Bq m(-3) for Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah (western, eastern, northern and southern regions). The corresponding annual effective dose E (mSv y(-1)) to public from (222)Rn and its progeny was estimated to be 0.66 mSv y(-1) as an average value for Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah. The authors concluded that all the dwellings monitored for indoor radon concentration and annual effective dose show values within the permissible level and this is a blessing from God that this area, which many visitors come from all over the world (to visit the burial place of the Prophet Muhammad), is safe. Consequently, the health hazards related to radiation are expected to be negligible. Occupants of these dwellings are relatively safe.
Arranged from oldest to youngest, the main granitic rock units exposed in Khour Abalea are metagabbros, cataclastic rocks, ophiolitic melange, granitic rocks, pegmatite and lamprophyre dykes. The presence of radioactivity associated with the heavy bearing minerals in construction materials—like granite—increased interest in the extraction process. As it turns out, granitic rocks play an important economic part in the examination of an area’s surroundings. The radionuclide content is measured by using an NaI (Tl)-detector. In the mineralized pegmatites, U (326 to 2667 ppm), Th (562 to 4010 ppm), RaeU (495 to 1544 ppm) and K (1.38 to 9.12%) ranged considerably with an average of 1700 ppm, 2881.86 ppm, 1171.82 ppm and 5.04%, respectively. Relationships among radioelements clarify that radioactive mineralization in the studied pegmatites is magmatic and hydrothermal. A positive equilibrium condition confirms uranium addition to the studied rocks. This study determined 226Ra, 232Th and 40K activity concentrations in pegmatites samples and assessed the radiological risks associated with these rocks. The activity concentrations of 226Ra (13,176 ± 4394 Bq kg−1), 232Th (11,883 ± 5644 Bq kg−1) and 40K (1573 ± 607 Bq kg−1) in pegmatites samples (P) are greater than the global average. The high activity of the mineralized pegmatite is mainly attributed to the presence of uranium mineral (autunite), uranophane, kasolite and carnotite, thorium minerals (thorite, thorianite and uranothorite) as well as accessories minerals—such as zircon and monazite. To assess the dangerous effects of pegmatites in the studied area, various radiological hazard factors (external, internal hazard indices, radium equivalent activity and annual effective dose) are estimated. The investigated samples almost surpassed the recommended allowable thresholds for all of the environmental factors.
Abstract. It is well established that Quantum Chromo-Dynamics (QCD) at finite temperature exhibits a typical behavior of a system with a phase transition. At sufficiently high temperatures and/or densities, the strongly interacting matter undergoes a Deconfinement Phase Transition from hadronic state to Partonic state. This new state has been observed and identified as being the QCD partonic plasma in Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions experiments at RHIC and LHC. All hadrons created in the final stage of Ultra-Relativistic Heavy Ion Collisions experiments are colorless. When we insert the colorlessness condition in the MIT bag model, we obtain our Colorless QCD MIT-bag model using a mixed phase system evolving in a finite total volume V . As we know, the low-temperature phase of hot QCD is dominated by pions, and instead of taking a massless pionic gas, we take massive pionic matter then massive baryonic matter as two better descriptions of the hadronic matter. We will investigate the mass effect on the order parameter of the colorless deconfinement phase transition. The chiral symmetry, which is broken in the transition region due to hadronic mass, is restored at high temperature. The larger the hadronic mass, the slower is the restoration of the chiral symmetry, leading to the dependence of the finite volume transition point on the hadronic mass T 0 (V, m HG ). Our results are in complete agreement with the experimental data and predictions of other models.
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