It is observed that to switch from the manual government processes to Electronic processes can put a huge impact in regulation of government processes, not only for the ease of government servants but also to make an effective communication mode among those processes that are taking place between government and common man. Electronic government cannot be implemented unless our leadership open heartedly accept the technological changes which will occur after adapting the electronic processes, this leadership is transformational leadership. The purpose of implementing Electronic Government is to make use of information technology not only in Government sector, but also to bring technological change in organizations by introducing new technical skills for improving service delivery, democratic processes and capacity building which provide strength and support to the Government policies. Previously government servants always work through traditional channels like front desks or telephones to fulfill customer requirements which is costly and time consuming. These consequences moved people away from digitization and automation. This study is based upon filling the gaps between E-Government and digital divide by utilizing the multi-channel services governed by transformational leaders. Results gathered through questionnaires have shown that transformational leaders along with digital channels have put a positive effect in switching from manual to Electronic Government processes. These aspects have increased the transparency, efficiency, accountability and security in Government processes.
Abstract-A vehicular Ad-hoc network is composed of moving cars as nodes without any infrastructure. Nodes selforganize to form a network over radio links. Security issues are commonly observed in vehicular ad hoc networks; like authentication and authorization issues. Secure Clustering plays a significant role in VANETs. In recent years, various secure clustering techniques with distinguishing feature have been newly proposed. In order to provide a comprehensive understanding of these techniques are designed for VANETs and pave the way for the further research, a survey of the secure clustering techniques is discussed in detail in this paper. Qualitatively, as a result of highlighting various techniques of secure clustering certain conclusions are drawn which will enhance the availability and security of vehicular ad hoc networks. Nodes present in the clusters will work more efficiently and the message passing within the nodes will also get more authenticated from the cluster heads.
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