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Metabolic engineering is defined as recombinant DNA technology to improve specific biochemical reactions for product formation. We modify the metabolic processes of bacteria to get our desired food by metabolic engineering. Metabolic engineering will enhance these microorganisms' properties and their ability to produce a diverse number of products cost-effectively. To produce amino acids, we modify the central metabolic pathway, biosynthetic pathway, and transport pathway. In many food industries, the production of organic acids through different processes and techniques have proved very beneficial because of their widespread applications. In line with this information, the present review aimed to provide background information for researchers about genetically modified foods for increased food yield to fulfil the nutritional values for average body growth.

This study provides insight into the microbial contamination in imported fish feed to Iraq because this contaminated feed may cause a decrease in production of fish and increase mortality resulting economic losses. 125 samples were collected from Iraqi border points; microbiological analysis were down. Bacteriological analysis results identified Gram-negative bacteria (45) isolates at (56.3%) of samples include: E.coli (17) isolates, Acinetobacter spp. (10) isolates, Citrobacter spp. (8) isolates, providencia spp. (6) isolates, Shigella spp. (5) isolates, and proteus spp. (2) isolates but we don’t detected (Salmonella spp., Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Yersinia spp. and Enterobacter spp. Mycological analysis results shown presence of mycotoxogenic fungi in (51) isolates at (63.8%) of samples include: Aspergillus flavus (16) isolates, Fusarium spp. (12) isolates, Penecillium spp. (10) isolates, Aspergillus niger (7) isolates, Aspergillus fumigates (3) isolates, Alternaria spp. (2) isolates and Rhizopus spp. (1) isolates. Mycotoxin results show total Aflatoxin in (45) samples, T2/HT2 in (56) samples and Ochratoxin A in (37) samples. This study concluded presence of microbial contamination in some tested samples, therefore, it must be assessed the microbiological tests of imported fish feed by responsible authorities to ensure its safety.

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