The interplay between membrane proteins and the lipids of the membrane is important for cellular function, however, tools enabling the interrogation of protein dynamics within native lipid environments are scarce and often invasive. We show that the styrene-maleic acid lipid particle (SMALP) technology can be coupled with hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) to investigate membrane protein conformational dynamics within native lipid bilayers. We demonstrate changes in accessibility and dynamics of the rhomboid protease GlpG, captured within three different native lipid compositions, and identify protein regions sensitive to changes in the native lipid environment. Our results illuminate the value of this approach for distinguishing the putative role(s) of the native lipid composition in modulating membrane protein conformational dynamics.

Transport of proteins across membranes is a fundamental process, achieved in every cell by the ‘Sec’ translocon. In prokaryotes, SecYEG associates with the motor ATPase SecA to carry out translocation for pre-protein secretion. Previously, we proposed a Brownian ratchet model for transport, whereby the free energy of ATP-turnover favours the directional diffusion of the polypeptide (Allen et al., 2016). Here, we show that ATP enhances this process by modulating secondary structure formation within the translocating protein. A combination of molecular simulation with hydrogendeuterium-exchange mass spectrometry and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy reveal an asymmetry across the membrane: ATP-induced conformational changes in the cytosolic cavity promote unfolded pre-protein structure, while the exterior cavity favours its formation. This ability to exploit structure within a pre-protein is an unexplored area of protein transport, which may apply to other protein transporters, such as those of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria.

Summary Hydrogen deuterium exchange-mass spectrometry (HDX-MS) has emerged as a powerful technique for interrogating the conformational dynamics of proteins and their complexes. Currently, analysis of HDX-MS data remains a laborious procedure, mainly due to the lack of streamlined software to process the large datasets. We present Deuteros which is a standalone software designed to be coupled with Waters DynamX HDX data analysis software, allowing the rapid analysis and visualization of data from differential HDX-MS. Availability and implementation Deuteros is open-source and can be downloaded from https://github.com/andymlau/Deuteros, under the Apache 2.0 license. Written in MATLAB and supported on both Windows and MacOS. Requires the MATLAB runtime library. According to the Wellcome Trust and UK research councils' Common Principles on Data Policy on data, software and materials management and sharing, all data supporting this study will be openly available from the software repository.

Other than more widely used methods, the use of styrene maleic acid copolymers allows the direct extraction of membrane proteins from the lipid bilayer into SMALPs keeping it in its native lipid surrounding.

Bovines have evolved a subset of antibodies with ultra-long CDRH3 regions that harbour cysteine-rich knob domains. To produce high affinity peptides, we previously isolated autonomous 3-6 kDa knob domains from bovine antibodies. Here, we show that binding of four knob domain peptides elicits a range of effects on the clinically validated drug target complement C5. Allosteric mechanisms predominated, with one peptide selectively inhibiting C5 cleavage by the alternative pathway C5 convertase, revealing a targetable mechanistic difference between the classical and alternative pathway C5 convertases. Taking a hybrid biophysical approach, we present C5-knob domain co-crystal structures and, by solution methods, observed allosteric effects propagating >50 Å from the binding sites. This study expands the therapeutic scope of C5, presents new inhibitors and introduces knob domains as new, low molecular weight antibody fragments, with therapeutic potential.

LARP4A belongs to the ancient RNA-binding protein superfamily of La-related proteins (LARPs). In humans, it acts mainly by stabilizing mRNAs, enhancing translation and controlling polyA lengths of heterologous mRNAs. These activities are known to implicate its association with mRNA, protein partners and translating ribosomes, albeit molecular details are missing. Here, we characterize the direct interaction between LARP4A, oligoA RNA and the MLLE domain of the PolyA-binding protein (PABP). Our study shows that LARP4A–oligoA association entails novel RNA recognition features involving the N-terminal region of the protein that exists in a semi-disordered state and lacks any recognizable RNA-binding motif. Against expectations, we show that the La module, the conserved RNA-binding unit across LARPs, is not the principal determinant for oligoA interaction, only contributing to binding to a limited degree. Furthermore, the variant PABP-interacting motif 2 (PAM2w) featured in the N-terminal region of LARP4A was found to be important for both RNA and PABP recognition, revealing a new role for this protein–protein binding motif. Our analysis demonstrates the mutual exclusive nature of the PAM2w-mediated interactions, thereby unveiling a tantalizing interplay between LARP4A, polyA and PABP.

The interplay between membrane proteins and the lipids of the membrane is important for cellular function, however, tools enabling the interrogation of protein dynamics within native lipid environments are scarce and often invasive. We show that the styrene–maleic acid lipid particle (SMALP) technology can be coupled with hydrogen–deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) to investigate membrane protein conformational dynamics within native lipid bilayers. We demonstrate changes in accessibility and dynamics of the rhomboid protease GlpG, captured within three different native lipid compositions, and identify protein regions sensitive to changes in the native lipid environment. Our results illuminate the value of this approach for distinguishing the putative role(s) of the native lipid composition in modulating membrane protein conformational dynamics.

Resistance–nodulation–division efflux pumps play a key role in inherent and evolved multidrug resistance in bacteria. AcrB, a prototypical member of this protein family, extrudes a wide range of antimicrobial agents out of bacteria. Although high-resolution structures exist for AcrB, its conformational fluctuations and their putative role in function are largely unknown. Here, we determine these structural dynamics in the presence of substrates using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, and bacterial susceptibility studies. We show that an efflux pump inhibitor potentiates antibiotic activity by restraining drug-binding pocket dynamics, rather than preventing antibiotic binding. We also reveal that a drug-binding pocket substitution discovered within a multidrug resistant clinical isolate modifies the plasticity of the transport pathway, which could explain its altered substrate efflux. Our results provide insight into the molecular mechanism of drug export and inhibition of a major multidrug efflux pump and the directive role of its dynamics.