This study used a continuous photo-Fenton-like method to remediate textile effluent containing azo dyes especially direct blue 15 dye (DB15). A Eucalyptus leaf extract was used to create iron/copper nanoparticles supported on bentonite for use as catalysts (E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs). Two fixed-bed configurations were studied and compared. The first one involved mixing granular bentonite with E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs (GB- E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs), and the other examined the mixing of E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs with glass beads (glass beads-E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs) and filled to the fixed-bed column. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta potential, and atomic forces spectroscopy (AFM) techniques were used to characterize the obtained particles (NPs). The effect of flow rate and DB15 concentration on the photo-Fenton-like degradation of DB15 in continuous fixed-bed systems was investigated. To optimize both studied systems, the response surface methodology using the central composite design (CCD) was used. The analysis shows that the removal efficiency for GB-E@B-Fe/Cu-NPs was 81% and for glass beads-E@B-Fe/NPs was 62.6%.
In this research, green catalytic iron/copper nanoparticles loaded on bentonite were prepared by the green method using eucalyptus leaves extract as a reducing and capping agent (E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs). The characterization methods were employed on E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs, the NPs results were porous with a spherical shape when analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), the BET analysis showed that the surface area of particles was 28.589m 2 /g. The functional groups of the E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs were also verified using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Degradation of direct blue 15 dye (DB15) was then investigated by E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs through photo-Fenton-like. The parameters such as pH, H 2 O 2 dosage, initial DB15 concentration, and UV-intensity were studied through batch experiments and optimized through response surface methodology (RSM) using the Box-Behnken design (BBD). The results showed that the dye removal reached 100% within 60 minutes with optimum, pH 3.5, H 2 O 2 dosage of 7.5 mmol/L, DB15 concentration 100 mg/L and UV-intensity of 15 W/m 2 . The kinetic study indicated that the DB15 degradation kinetic was fitted to the second-order kinetic model.
This study relates to synthesizing the bentonite support iron/copper nanoparticles by biosynthesis method using eucalyptus plant leaves extract which was then named (E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs). The synthesized E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs were examined by a set of experiments of heterogeneous Fenton-like process through removing direct blue 15 dye (DB15) from wastewater. The characterization methods were employed on E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), BET, zeta potential (ZP), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM) on the resultant nanoparticles were also checked to ensure the functional groups of the E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs. Some of the operation condition parameters were optimized using Box-Behnken design (BBD) in the batch experiments, these parameters were pH, H2O2 dosage, E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs dosage, initial DB15 concentration, and temperature. The result showed that 94.32% of 57.5 mg/L of DB15 was degraded within 60 minutes with an optimum H2O2 dosage of 7.5 mmol/L, E-Fe/Cu@B-NPs dosage 0.55 g/L, pH 3.5, and temperature 50°C. The kinetic study indicated that the DB15 degradation kinetics were fitted to the second-order kinetic model and the thermodynamic factors proved the non-spontaneous, endothermic, and endergonic process with activation energy E a of 62.961 kJ/mol.
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