BACKGROUND: To examine the effects of adropin on glucose and lipid metabolism in a rat model of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: T2DM were established using high-fat diet and streptozocin (STZ; 35 mg/kg/b.w.). Seven days after STZ induction, diabetic rats were randomly treated with adropin (2.1 μg/kg/day intraperitonealy) for 10 days. The study involved the evaluation of biochemical parameters, including blood glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT) activities. Additionally, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA gene expressions in pancreas tissue were determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: The serum levels of insulin and adropin were determined by ELISA. Treatment with adropin showed a signifi cant reduction in blood glucose levels, HbA1c (%), HOMA-IR and increase in HOMA-β, serum insulin levels. In addition, intraperitoneal adropin application can reduce serum levels of TC, TG, LDL-C, and increase level of HDL-C. Adropin also effectively ameliorated the alterations in TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS mRNA expression. CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that the adropin possesses antidiabetic and antidyslipidemic effects in T2DM (Tab. 2, Fig. 3, Ref. 32). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. KEY WORDS: adropin, type 2 diabetic rat, blood glucose, insulin, high fat diet.

Context Adjuvants are compounds used in the preparation of inactive vaccines to enhance the immune response. Aluminum hydroxide (alum) is one of the first compounds approved by the Food and Drug Administration, which is used as adjuvants in vaccine products for humans. Montanide ISA 70 is an oil-emulsion adjuvant and is used in poultry inactive vaccines. Objective In this study, the effects of alum adjuvant on the efficiency and induction of immune response in inactive vaccines of Influenza and Newcastle are compared with those of ISA 70. Materials and methods Six groups of 7-d-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were inoculated with 0.3 ml of the prepared vaccines via the subcutaneous route in the neck. Immune response in each group after 7, 14, 21, 31, 41, and 45 d was evaluated using the technique of hemagglutination inhibition. Results The results were compared using SPSS software. Results showed that vaccines containing adjuvant ISA 70 depicted a higher increase in the immune response and adjuvant of 20% alum is similar to adjuvant of ISA 70 in boosting the immune system. There was no statistically significant difference between 10% and 20% alum, but these adjuvants are visibly different from ISA 70. Conclusion In conclusion, alum can be used as an easily accessible, harmless, and effective adjuvant; however, to increase the immune period using the inactive vaccines for poultry, more research would be necessary.

Background and ObjectiveHypertension is considered an important public health problem in developed and developing countries. This disease is closely associated with the quality of life of patients, and it seems that health literacy plays a role in this regard. Due to lack of information on the role of health literacy on the quality of life in patients with hypertension, this study has aimed to determine the correlation between health literacy and health-related quality of life in patients with hypertension.MethodsThis study is cross-sectional. The sample consisted of 400 patients with hypertension who were enrolled if available. To collect data, a demographic questionnaire (SF-36), Short Form Health Survey, and Health Literacy for Iranian Adults (HELIA) Inventory were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 for descriptive and inferential statistics (e.g., mean, standard deviation, t-test, and Pearson correlation coefficient).ResultsThe mean and standard deviation scores of health literacy and health-related quality of life were, respectively, 68.66 (±13.56) and 52.94 (±15.20). There was positive and significant correlation between health literacy and health-related quality of life (p<0.01, r=0.30).ConclusionAccording to research findings, there was a significant positive correlation between health literacy and health-related quality of life. Given the importance of health literacy in the quality of life in patients with hypertension, it seems essential that nursing officials and policymakers take steps to promote patients’ health and quality of life by using training programs appropriate for the patients’ health literacy level.

Aim This study investigated the association between fear of falling and self‐care behaviours of older people with hypertension. Design A cross‐sectional study. Methods This study was conducted in 2019 on 301 older people with hypertension above the age of 60 years in Tehran, Iran. Data were collected using a demographic questionnaire, the Persian Falls Efficacy Scale‐International, and a hypertension‐related self‐care behaviour questionnaire. Results Analyses revealed that gender, educational level and history of falling were significant factors associated with fear of falling; and marital status, educational level and income source were significant factors associated with self‐care behaviours ( p < 0.05). Partial correlations controlling for education revealed a significant positive correlation showing that high fear of falling is associated with worse health promotion self‐care behaviours and significant inverse correlations with psycho‐emotional, social and daily self‐care behaviours ( p < 0.05), meaning that high fear of falling is associated with better self‐care for these dimensions. Patient or Public Contribution This study involved patients in order to evaluate the validity and reliability of the questionnaires. The study was conducted on older people with hypertension referred to hypertension clinics in hospitals.

Anxiety is one of the most common diagnoses in psychiatry, which is twice as common in women as in men. Anxiety and depression disorders are significant because they affect a person's social and individual functioning and lead to severe economic and social damage, so they are expected to be debilitating diseases worldwide in the coming years. Considering the importance of treating stress disorders such as anxiety, which improves patients' social and personal functioning, and taking into account the side effects of drugs, researchers proposed sports activities as a non-pharmacological and effective occupational therapy method. But it is not clear whether the effects of exercise can be related to the regulation of the serotonergic system in the brain (especially anxiety behavior). Therefore, this research was designed and carried out to answer the following question: Will doing optional exercise (Running Wheel) and not mandatory exercise (Treadmill exercise) during adolescence be able to improve the ill effects of MS? In this research, six pregnant mice were used. After giving birth, their babies experienced the stress of separation from their mother for 12 days between the 2nd and 14th days after birth, and then from the 28th day, they exercised with the Running Wheel for a month. The number of rats was 8 for behavioral tests and 4 for molecular tests. In the model implemented in this research, after birth, mouse babies are separated from their mother for 180 minutes every day for 12 days (from the second day of birth to the 14th day after birth) and placed in a separate cage. This protocol is so-called. It is called Maternal Neonatal Separation or childhood stress. The results of this research determined that childhood stress in the form of separation from the mother is capable of causing anxiety behaviors in adult male rats. On the other hand, the results of this research determined that optional exercise with running wheels during adolescence can reduce the adverse effects of stress and anxiety-related behaviors.