Pain-related catastrophizing and mood induction are important factors in understanding pain intensity amongst patients with migraine pain. Catastrophizing as a confounding factor in the relationship between pain and mood may partially mediate the relationship between mood and pain. Therapeutic interventions should focus on the reduction of depression and catastrophizing.
Several mental conditions and depression, have been linked to immune response disorganization. However, it is unclear if particular immune mediators play a part in the etiopathogenesis of depression. Although there are no definite biomarkers to diagnose depression, the current study sought to logically evaluate the possibility and feasibility of checking a biomarker for depression to be utilized for hospitalized patients suspected of depression. In this narrative review, related articles were gathered through a search of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases as well as a manual search of full-text paper references. The reviewed studies demonstrated the potential role of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) in depressive disorders. Previous studies represented a negative role for TGF-β in depression pathophysiology and an increase in TGF-β after depression treatment. Elevated plasma TGF-alpha acted controversial to TGF-β. The level of TGF-β in maternal plasma increased getting close to delivery, and researchers found that it might be associated with postpartum depression. In addition, researchers reported extreme elevations in TGF-β levels in the brain cells of subjects who died by suicide. Although the results of this study revealed a plausible link between TGF-β and depression based on the literature, sensitivity and specificity studies needed before TGF-β as a biomarker may be extensively employed in clinical practice. Depression appears to be down-regulating TGF-β and its signaling or the underlying mechanisms of the pathogenesis of consequent neurological disorders, while further studies are required for the application of the TGF-β assessment in clinical practice.
Background: Hospitalization due to any reason or medical condition is associated with fear, anxiety, and depression. Psychological and physiological factors have a significant impact on hospitalization outcomes. Objectives: Given the functional importance of inflammatory cytokines and studies in previous studies on the relationship between inflammatory cytokines and major depressive disorder, we will focus more on studies on the role of interleukin 2 (IL-2) in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder in hospitalized patients. Methods: We used PubMed, Scopus, and Elsevier databases to search for articles from 1999 to 2021, emphasizing the studies of the last five years. Results: In general, there was no consistent pattern in the observed relationships between cytokine concentrations or changes and clinical signs of significant depression. IL-2 and IL, two receptors in the body, play an essential role in the treatment and the pathophysiology of depression and major depression. Conclusion: Finally, it can be concluded that hospitalization generally exposes the patient to inflammation. Studies show an increased risk of inflammation following hospitalization of patients, and many studies confirm the association of major depression with inflammatory cytokines and, more concentrated, IL-2.
Background:
Silver nanoparticles have a profound role in the field of high sensitivity
biomolecular detection, catalysis, biosensors and medicine. In the present study,
aqueous extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi has been used for the synthesis of silver
nanoparticles.
Objective:
In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant features and the possibility of biosynthesis
of AgNPs using an aqueous extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi and also evaluated the
antibacterial activities of the synthesized nanoparticles.
Methods:
An eco-friendly and cost-effective protocol for the synthesis of Ag nanoparticles by
utilizing a renewable natural resource, aqueous solution of Dracocephalum kotschyi, was
proposed. Synthesized nanoparticles were characterized by UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM,
EDS, and XRD pattern.
Results:
At first, the extract of Dracocephalum kotschyi was assessed to determine and confirm
the presence of an antioxidant feature. Resuscitation of one mM silver nitrate solution
was carried out by the herbal extract. The solution containing AgNPs obtained from green
synthesis had a maximum optical density at 225 nm. In addition, the presence of AgNPs was
approved by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Images of the scanning electron
microscope demonstrated that the synthesized AgNPs had the shape of rods and the size distribution
of 48-51 nm. One of the benefits of this method is a uniform size distribution.
Moreover, the effects of reaction time and concentration of the herbal extract were assessed
by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. In the end, we assessed the antibacterial impact
of the synthesized AgNPs against some pathogenic bacterial strains. According to the results,
the produced nanostructures had a proper impact on two bacteria of Escherichia coli and
Staphylococcus aureus.
Conclusion:
According to the results of the present study, Dracocephalum kotschyi can be a
suitable compound for the synthesis of nanostructures due to its indigenous cultivation and
great medicinal properties.
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