Although Var r o a mite infestation of honeybee is widespread throughout the world, data about the level of infestation in the bees of our area are inadequate. Var r o a mite infestation was first detected in Iraq in the mid-1980s. A large investigation was carried out to determine Var r o a infestation level in the apiaries of Duhok Province, Northern Iraq. Otherwise, this study aimed to clarify the parasitic effect of the mite Varroa destructor on the mandibular and hypopharyngeal glands of Apis mellifera. A total of 1000 samples of adult workers of different ages from more than 20 separated apiaries were collected from August to the end of October 2013. Caped brood, drone and worker brood, from five apiaries were examined. A total of 450 newly emerged workers from three separated apiaries of the same area were collected during the late summer 2013. Effects of Var r o a infestation on mandibular glands and hypopharyngeal glands of newly emerged workers of honeybees were investigated. High level of the infestation was found in all apiaries of Dohuk region and may act as a risk factor to the bee health. Results showed significant differences in the size of hypopharyngeal gland acini of newly emerged workers infested with one to three mites compared to noninfested newly emerged workers, while only newly emerged workers infested with three mites showed significant differences in the size of mandibular glands as compared to noninfested newly emerged workers. Management strategies of the mid-and late summer treatment are necessary to keep the mite population at low levels before and during the period when the winter bees emerge. Considerable numbers of Var r o a mites can be controlled inside bee colonies without chemicals by removal of drone pupae or sometimes if necessary removing generations of worker pupae before emergence as adults. Using movable screened bottom boards in the opposite side of the hive entrance for the observation and counting naturally felled down Var r o a mites were very beneficial in this area during hot summer periods.
The study aimed to investigate the relationship between colony survival and some preventive procedures. The experiments were conducted in Sulemani governorate during August, September and October 2020. Seventy-two colonies were tested in four localities ( Qaradax , Sulaimani center, Mergapan, and Sartake bamo ); (18 colonies for each location). The tested colonies were treated with; probiotics, formic acid, eucalyptus, Tetracycline and Terramycin. Larger brood area was found in all treated colonies compared to untreated ones. Colonies provided with probiotics showed significantly more brood than untreated colonies in the four locations. Maximum brood area was 203.667 (inch) 2 in Sartake bamo followed by 199.667 (inch) 2 in Mergapan; then 179.000 (inch) 2 in Sulaimani center. While the brood area was not more than 15.667 (inch) 2 in all untreated colonies in the four tested apiaries. Colonies provided with probiotics showed significantly more density of adult workers than untreated colonies in the four locations. Maximum area covered with adult workers (density) was 6.667 Lf. (Langstroth frame) in Sartake bamo followed by 6.333 Lf. in Mergapan; then 6.000 Lf. in those treated with Formic acid in Sartake bamo. While the density of adult workers was not more than 1.000 Lf. in all untreated colonies in the four tested apiaries. Using probiotics and organic acid treatments were the best preventive measures.
The study aimed to revive the Sericulture in our area after three decades of absence and to investigate the role of supplemental feeding on silk glands, larval growth, and some economic traits of cocoons of mulberry silkworms (Bombyx mori). Larvae of 5th instar fed on vitamin C during their 4 th and 5 th instars showed a significant increase in their length (6.953 ± 0.248 mm). Mature larvae fed on vitamin C showed a significant increase in their weight (3.690±0.129 g). Vitamin C was the most effective supplement for the stimulation of silk gland growth. Larvae fed on vitamin C showed a significant increase in their cocoon weight (2.158 ± 0.131 g) followed by those fed on honey (2.126 ± 0.156 g). Only cocoons fed as larvae on vitamin C showed a significant increase in their length (3.793 ± 0.125 cm). Larvae fed on vitamin C showed a significant increase in their cocoon width (1.873 ± 0.050 cm). Feeding silkworms during their 4 th and 5 th instars on mulberry leaves sprayed with vitamin C was more effective in stimulating larval growth, silk glands and improving economic characteristics of silk cocoons.
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