Introduction: Recent evidence has shown that acute exercise modulates the immune response in healthy individuals, although the effect on smokers has not drawn much attention. This study examined acute and post exercise inflammatory responses in smokers and nonsmokers to moderate aerobic exercise. Methods: For this purpose, Fifteen recreationally sedentary male smokers and 15 nonsmokers matched for age (35.5 ± 5.8 years) and BMI(31.30 ± 4.5 kg/m2) were familiarized and underwent aerobic exercise testing involved 40 min running on flat surface with no slope at 70(%) of maximal heart rate. Venous blood was obtained pre-exercise (baseline), 0, 60 min and 24 hours for analysis of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) of 2 groups. Experimental data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance with repeated measures in each group. Results: No differences existed between groups for baseline IL-1B between 2 groups but serum TNF-α was higher in smokers. Aerobic exercise test results a significant decrease in serum TNF-α at 0, 60 min and 24 hours compared baseline in smokers but not in non-smokers. Serum IL-1βremained unchanged at all blood samples after exercise test in both groups. Conclusion: All together, based on acute and recovery response of TNF-α to exercise, it seems that a moderate aerobic exercise has beneficial effects on inflammatory profile in smokers.
Background: Insulin resistance induced by genetic and metabolic disorders is the main cause of the prevalence or severity of type 2 diabetes (T2D). Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) plays a key role in regulating glucose homeostasis as a negative regulator of insulin signaling pathway. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of interval training on PTP1B expression in gastrocnemius muscle and insulin resistance in male rats with T2D. Methods: T2D was induced by high fat diet (HFD) and intraperitoneal injection of STZ in 14 male Wistar rats and then they were divided randomly into exercise (n=7) or control (n=7) groups. Exercise rats completed an 8 weeks interval training (5 days/week) and control rats remained without training. Fasting glucose, serum insulin, and PTP1B expression in gastrocnemius muscle were measured 48 hours after the last exercise session. Insulin resistance was assessed using homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) formula based on fasting insulin and glucose levels. An independent t test was used to compare each parameter between 2 groups. A P value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Interval training resulted in a significant decrease in fasting glucose level (P<0.0001) and insulin resistance (P=0.018) as well as an increase in serum insulin level (P<0.0001). PTP1B expression in gastrocnemius muscle decreased significantly compared with control rats (P=0.003) Conclusion: Interval training can improve insulin resistance in T2D rats. This improvement may be attributed to the decrease in PTP1B expression in gastrocnemius muscle by interval training.
Introduction: Many recent studies have focused on the possible role of corticosteroid inhalation in osteoporosis in asthmatic patients. Aim: This study aimed to determine whether the indicators of bone formation or resorption are different between asthmatic patients and healthy subjects. Materials and Methods: To achieve this outcome, 21 middle-aged patients with mild to moderate asthma treated with inhaled corticosteroid and the same number of healthy individuals matched for age (38 ± 6.5 years) were enrolled in this study by accessible sampling. All the subjects were non-trained and non-smokers. The serum levels of osteocalcin (OC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and cross-linked telopeptides of type I collagen (CTX) were measured to assess and compare bone formation and resorption between the two groups. An independent-sample t test was used to compare all variables between the patients with asthma and the healthy subjects. Results: Significant differences in body weight and other anthropometrical markers were not observed between the two groups (p > 0.05). Serum osteocalcin level was borderline significantly lower in the asthmatic patients than in the healthy subjects (p = 0.051). The ALP level was significantly lower (p = 0.021) but the serum CTX levels were higher in the asthmatic patients than in the healthy subjects (p = 0.014). Conclusion: On the basis of these findings, inhaled corticosteroid can affect bone turnover in asthmatic patients, although more research is needed to further explore any potential link between corticosteroids and osteoporosis.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.