KC given before injection seems to effectively decrease pain and should be considered for minor invasive procedures in neonates.
Background: Elderliness is a sensitive period of life; so, it is necessary to pay special attention to various aspects of the health care for the elderly, including their spiritual well-being in the society. Spirituality and spiritual beliefs are closely associated with psychological aspects of a human mind, and they aim at balancing one's life. Self-efficacy is one of the psychological aspects, which play an important role in maintaining the mental and physical health. This study was conducted to determine the relationship between spiritual wellbeing and general self-efficacy in the elderly population of Tehran. Methods: This descriptive correlational study was conducted on 822 elderly people who regularly visited some of the parks of Tehran, Iran, in 2015. Samples were chosen by the multistage method. The relevant data were collected through demographic information in addition to tests and questionnaires including Abbreviated Mental Test Score (AMTS) for determining cognitive impairment and General Self-Efficacy (GSE-10) y and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS). The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation and t-tests by SPSS Version: 20.0. Results: The results of the current study showed that general self-efficacy is related to religious, existential, and spiritual health. The findings also indicated that among the demographic variables, spiritual health is mostly related to marital status and the ability to perform Activities of Daily Living (ADL) in addition to residence and income. Conclusion: Since aging is an important challenge in the health system, promoting spiritual health in the elderly population can result in these individuals' high self-efficacy, ultimately leading to a higher physical and mental health status.
Background:One of the main goals of nursing education is training them to provide proper medical services to patients as well as healthy people in the community and health centers using their knowledge and specific skills. This service requires nurses' critical thinking and effective learning. The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of critical thinking skills on decision making styles of nursing management. Methods:This interventional study is of semi-experimental kind and conducted on 60 nursing managers (30 in each group of the samples). In the beginning of the study, California questionnaire of critical thinking scale was completed by the participants. The intervention group received critical thinking skills training for 8 sessions (4 theoretical sessions and 4 practical sessions). A week after the end of the last training session, the same questionnaires were completed by the participants.Results: Prior to conducting the study, 2 groups were not significantly different regarding demographic variables. The mean score of critical thinking and decision making style of the control group was the same before and after intervention, but in the intervention group, the mean score increased. Conclusion:Teaching critical thinking skills increases the level of critical thinking and the use of rational decision making style by nurses. Nurses' cognitive ability, especially their ability to process information and make decisions, is a major component of their performance and requires possession of critical thinking. Thus, universities of medical sciences are suggested to provide necessary support to allow the development of professional competencies, decision making, problem-solving, and selfsufficiency skills, which are influenced by the ability for critical thinking.
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