PurposeAmeloblastoma is a non-encapsulated and slow-growing tumor with high recurrence rate. Orbital involvement by this neoplasm is an extremely rare entity. In this study, we present a systematic review on this situation along with clinical and paraclinical features of a case.MethodsAn electronic search was conducted on major medical sources. Data of the cases in the literature in addition to our own case were extracted, summarized, and statistically analyzed.ResultsA total of 36 other cases from 20 relevant studies were also reviewed. Review topics included epidemiology, clinical presentation, pathologic features, differential diagnosis, imaging, treatment, and prognosis. We provided a five-year history of a 50-year-old man with orbital/skull base invasion of plexiform maxillary ameloblastoma.ConclusionsMaxillary ameloblastoma is a locally aggressive neoplasm, and physicians must be alert to the biologic behavior of this tumor to detect any invasion to critical structures such as orbit and cranium. Orbital ameloblastoma causes significant morbidity and mortality. We advocate meticulous patient follow-up with regular clinical examinations and paraclinical work-up for timely detection of any invasion or recurrence. The best must be done to avoid extensions by aggressive removal of maxillary ameloblastoma.

Background:Because of the increasing usage of waterpipe globally, we need to know more about the different factors related to waterpipe and cigarette smoking. Therefore, the present study aims at gaining more insight on waterpipe and cigarette smoking based on perceived parental reaction and appeal and repellent of smoking among adolescents.Materials and Methods:A cross-sectional survey entitled “Isfahan Tobacco Use Prevention Program” (ITUPP) was conducted among 5,500 adolescents in Isfahan Province, Iran in 2010 using a self-administered anonymous questionnaire. Demographic factors, cigarette and waterpipe smoking status, appeal and repellent of smoking, perceived parental reactions, and the main reasons behind the increase in waterpipe smoking were measured. Chi-square, univariate logistic regression, and multiple logistic regression were used. For all analyses, we defined statistical significance a priori with a two-tailed alpha of 0.05. Statistical analyses were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 15.Results:50% of the sample was female and 89% lived in urban areas. The average age of the respondents was 14.37 ± 1. 70 years. While a majority of cigarette smokers (70.9%) were waterpipe smokers, only 35.7% of waterpipe smokers smoked cigarettes. The incidence of smoking was high in those who expected less extensive parental reaction with odds ratio (OR) = 1.89 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.35-2.63] (P < 0.001) among cigarette smokers and OR = 2.75 (95% CI: 2.16-3.50) (P < 0.001) among waterpipe smokers. “Taste” was rated the most attractive feature by waterpipe and cigarette smokers 2.83-fold (95% CI: 2.06, 3.90) (P < 0.001). Most waterpipe smokers compared to nonsmokers believed that the main reason behind waterpipe popularity was habit.Conclusion:The factors related to waterpipe smoking were different from those in cigarette smoking; so we need to implement different interventions to overcome the surging usage of tobacco use.

Background:Androgen receptor (AR) status and its association with prognosis in Iranian breast cancer population are uncertain. We examined AR expression and its relationship with clinicopathological parameters among Iranian patients with invasive breast carcinoma.Materials and Methods:This study was performed on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded tissue specimens with a diagnosis of invasive breast carcinoma archived at two University Hospitals in Isfahan city, Iran. Antibodies were used for evaluation of AR, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), estrogen receptor (ER), and progesterone receptor (PR). Other data were gathered from patients’ documents.Results:A total of 70 cases were evaluated including 55 (78.6%) ductal, 9 (12.9%) lobular, 2 (2.9%) medullary, and 4 (5.7%) mucinous carcinomas. Overall, 48.6%, 42.9%, 64.3%, and 57.1% of the samples were positive for ER, PR, AR, and HER2, respectively. Thirty three (47.1%) cases were ER− PR− and 17.1% were triple negative. AR + cases were younger and more frequently positive for ER and showed less frequently tumor size of > 2 cm. Although tumor grade and stage were relatively higher among AR− cases compared to AR+ ones, the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant.Conclusions:AR expression was found to be frequently present in breast carcinoma in the studied population. Since half of the ER negative and half of the triple negative tumors were found to be AR positive, AR positive cases may benefit from alternative endocrine therapeutic strategies other than the conventional endocrine-targeted medications.

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Background:Although the effect of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) prognosis has been well-documented by several systematic reviews, none have focused on the effect of CR on metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its related components. Therefore, the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to assess the effect of CR on MetS and its components.Materials and Methods:PubMed, SCOPUS, Cochrane library, and Google Scholar database were searched up to February 2014 with no date and language restrictions. The random effects model was used to assess the overall effect of CR on MetS prevalence and the change in metabolic or anthropometric measures.Results:Fifteen studies with 19,324 subjects were included in the present systematic review and meta-analysis. Our analysis showed that the CR could significantly reduce MetS prevalence [reduction rate: 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.21, 0.3, P value <0.001; P value for heterogeneity <0.001, I-squared: 86.2%]. Additionally, results showed the protective role of CR on all MetS components including high density lipoprotein cholesterol [mean difference (MD): 2.13 mg/dL, 95% CI: 1.17, 3.1], triglyceride (MD: -27.45 mg/dL, 95% CI: −36.92, −17.98), systolic blood pressure (SBP) (MD: −6.20 mmHg, 95% CI: -8.41, −3.99), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD: −2.53 mmHg, 95% CI: −3.64, −1.41), fasting blood sugar (FBS) (MD: −6.42 mg/dL, 95% CI: −6.85, −5.99), and waist circumference (WC) (MD: −2.25 cm, 95% CI: −3.15, −1.35).Conclusion:CR has resulted in improvement in MetS and its entire components, and could be considered as a useful tool for MetS patients, especially among those with CVD.