Background This study investigated the effect of older brothers on sexual orientation in male adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria and the effect of older sisters on sexual orientation in female adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria from Iran. Aim To assess for the presence of a fraternal birth order effect in transgender androphilic males and a sororal birth order effect in transgender gynephilic females. Methods The subjects were 92 transgender males and 107 transgender females (all of whom met the DSM-5 criteria for gender dysphoria), together with 72 male and 78 female clinical controls. All the transgender males were androphilic, all the transgender females were gynephilic (preferentially attracted to members of their own biological sex), and all of the clinical controls were heterosexual (none were transgender or had a diagnosis of gender dysphoria). Outcomes In relation to the probands, we analyzed the sibship composition of our groups with regard to birth order and sibling sex ratio (brothers to sisters). Results The results for the transgender males confirmed the findings of 2 recent meta-analyses that older brothers increase the odds of androphilia in later-born males. The results for the transgender females did not clearly confirm one previous finding that older sisters increase the odds of gynephilia in later-born females—a finding obtained in a relatively large study that included gynephilic cisgender girls as well as girls diagnosed with gender dysphoria who will probably be predominantly gynephilic. Clinical Implications The fraternal (later-born) birth order effect that we found for the transgender androphilic males, similar to that found in gay men, suggests a common underlying causal mechanism. Strengths and Limitations Our study on Iranian patients diagnosed with gender dysphoria provides further generalizability for the study of birth order and sibling sex ratio that has, more often than not, been restricted to Western samples of adults diagnosed with gender dysphoria. It would be important to study these variables in Iranian gay men and lesbian women (without gender dysphoria) to further examine evidence for cross-cultural similarities when compared to Western samples. Conclusions In contrast to the well-established fraternal birth order effect for males, the possible sororal birth order effect for females needs to be examined with additional samples.
Background: Abnormal EEG is a predictor of seizure relapse. Obtaining data related to the diagnosis and outcome of the first seizures is necessary for improving care for these patients, whereas data for these studies is scarce and is limited to a few a few centres. The aim was evaluation of the EEG changes in patients with first suspicious movements of seizure.Methods: All of the patients with first suspicious movements of seizure referred to Alavi hospital of Ardabil from March 2019 to March 2020 enrolled in this study. Data including age, gender, etiology of the seizure, seizure type and EEG changes gathered. Collected data were analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 21.Results: 71 patients were studied. Based on the seizure type, 50 (70.4%) patients had motor, 10 (14.1%) patients had nonmotor and 11 (15.5%) patients had focal seizures type impaired awareness. EEG findings were normal in 46 patients (64.8%). There were slowing waves and epileptic discharge in 12 (16.9%) and 13 (18.3%) patients, respectively. Abnormal EEGs recorded in routine modality in 16 patients (64%), H. V. modality in 2 patients (8%), Ph. S. modality in 2 patients (8%) and both routine and excitatory modalities in 5 (20%) patients.Conclusions: There was not a significant relationship between EEG findings and age, gender, seizure etiology and seizure type. Also there was not a significant relationship between abnormal waves in different modalities and type and etiology of the seizures.
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most important diseases of the central nervous system and one of the main causes of disability in young and middle age groups. Recent studies show that the risk of osteoporosis and osteopenia in MS patients is higher than the normal population which could be related to many factors. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of osteopenia and osteoporosis among MS patients.Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 30 patients with MS. Bone density of patients was assessed by bone mineral density (BMD) method. Necessary demographic and clinical information were collected by a checklist and then analyzed by statistical methods in SPSS version 16.Results: Of all patients, 36.7% had osteoporosis and osteopenia. According to the results, 86.6% of patients had a decrease in bone density in the pelvic region and 50% in the lumbar spine. 43.3% of patients had osteopenia in the pelvic region and 36.7% in the lumbar spine.Conclusions: The results showed that BMD was high in MS patients. Due to the problems of walking and lack of balance in these patients and the high probability of falling and fractures among them, paying attention to the problem of osteoporosis by early and repeated performing of BMD.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.